greenhouse gases, 143, 166, 293, 299, 314,
316, 318, 324, 327
greenhouse simulation experiments, 306
greenhouse warming, 318, 323, 327
Greenland Sea, 213, 240
Greenland Sea Deep Water (GSDW), 213216, 219, 221
Greenland-Iceland-Norwegian (GIN) seas,
178
Greenland/Iceland Sea, 211
Gulf Stream extension, 178
Hadley Circulation, 4
halo cline catastrophe, 180, 199
Hamiltonian system, 448
heat flux, 337, 339, 347
heat transport, 349
Heinrich events, 185, 190
high index regime, 428
high zonal index regime, 417
Holocene, 190, 382
homo clinic bifurcation, 432
homo clinic orbit, 432
Hopf bifurcation, 432, 450
hydrological cycle, 320, 327
initial value problem, 84
instability, convective, 196
instability, finite-time, 92
instability, normal mode, 91
instability, of the coupled system, 277
instability, thermohaline circulation, 201
interactions, ocean-atmosphere, 278
interdecadal fluctuations, 133
interdecadal variability of surface air temperature, 36
interfacial form stress, 425, 427
intermediate water, 184
Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ),
63, 131
inverse energy cascades, 111
Jacobi-Davidson method, 96
Kelvin mode, equatorial oceanic, 119
Kelvin wave, 183, 202
La Nina, 455
485
Labrador Sea, 171, 178, 211, 238, 242,
385, 386, 397, 398
Labrador Sea Water (LSW), 242, 244, 247,
248,253
Last Glacial Maximum, 184
limit cycle, 449
linearized shallow water equations, 279
Little Ice Age, 165, 389
loop oscillations, 170, 182, 191
Lorenz model, 85, 124, 139
Lorenz regimes, 128
low zonal index regime, 417
low-index regime, 428
low-order model, 422, 432
Lyapunov exponent, 84, 93, 125
Lyapunov vector, 95, 99
Mahalanobis metric, 98
Markov model, 119
Maunder Minimum, 164
Maximum Entropy Method, 461
measure of skill, 112
meridional overturning, 187, 193
mesopause, 3
methane, 161, 293, 299, 308
mixed boundary condition, 347, 353, 390,
394
model hierarchy, 287
monsoon fluctuations, 132
Moore-Penrose pseudo-inverse, 108
Multi-channel Singular Spectrum Analysis (MCSSA), 25
natural sulfate emission, 302
Newtonian cooling, 340, 357
Newtonian damping, 350, 354, 362
nitrous oxide, 293, 308
non-Doppler effect, 413, 414
North Atlantic, 211, 385, 398
North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW), 161,
179,183,243,334,335
North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), 46, 50,
52,53,74,114,132,139,174,175,
212, 228, 230, 234, 235, 286
North Atlantic sinking, 186
North Pacific decadal mode, 270
Northern Hemisphere cooling, 324
Norwegian Sea Deep Water (NSDW), 221
316, 318, 324, 327
greenhouse simulation experiments, 306
greenhouse warming, 318, 323, 327
Greenland Sea, 213, 240
Greenland Sea Deep Water (GSDW), 213216, 219, 221
Greenland-Iceland-Norwegian (GIN) seas,
178
Greenland/Iceland Sea, 211
Gulf Stream extension, 178
Hadley Circulation, 4
halo cline catastrophe, 180, 199
Hamiltonian system, 448
heat flux, 337, 339, 347
heat transport, 349
Heinrich events, 185, 190
high index regime, 428
high zonal index regime, 417
Holocene, 190, 382
homo clinic bifurcation, 432
homo clinic orbit, 432
Hopf bifurcation, 432, 450
hydrological cycle, 320, 327
initial value problem, 84
instability, convective, 196
instability, finite-time, 92
instability, normal mode, 91
instability, of the coupled system, 277
instability, thermohaline circulation, 201
interactions, ocean-atmosphere, 278
interdecadal fluctuations, 133
interdecadal variability of surface air temperature, 36
interfacial form stress, 425, 427
intermediate water, 184
Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ),
63, 131
inverse energy cascades, 111
Jacobi-Davidson method, 96
Kelvin mode, equatorial oceanic, 119
Kelvin wave, 183, 202
La Nina, 455
485
Labrador Sea, 171, 178, 211, 238, 242,
385, 386, 397, 398
Labrador Sea Water (LSW), 242, 244, 247,
248,253
Last Glacial Maximum, 184
limit cycle, 449
linearized shallow water equations, 279
Little Ice Age, 165, 389
loop oscillations, 170, 182, 191
Lorenz model, 85, 124, 139
Lorenz regimes, 128
low zonal index regime, 417
low-index regime, 428
low-order model, 422, 432
Lyapunov exponent, 84, 93, 125
Lyapunov vector, 95, 99
Mahalanobis metric, 98
Markov model, 119
Maunder Minimum, 164
Maximum Entropy Method, 461
measure of skill, 112
meridional overturning, 187, 193
mesopause, 3
methane, 161, 293, 299, 308
mixed boundary condition, 347, 353, 390,
394
model hierarchy, 287
monsoon fluctuations, 132
Moore-Penrose pseudo-inverse, 108
Multi-channel Singular Spectrum Analysis (MCSSA), 25
natural sulfate emission, 302
Newtonian cooling, 340, 357
Newtonian damping, 350, 354, 362
nitrous oxide, 293, 308
non-Doppler effect, 413, 414
North Atlantic, 211, 385, 398
North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW), 161,
179,183,243,334,335
North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), 46, 50,
52,53,74,114,132,139,174,175,
212, 228, 230, 234, 235, 286
North Atlantic sinking, 186
North Pacific decadal mode, 270
Northern Hemisphere cooling, 324
Norwegian Sea Deep Water (NSDW), 221