484
cold ocean/warm land (COWL), 53-55,
empirical orthogonal function (EOF), 16,
58,73
17,23,25,34,43,44,46,48, 114
cold phase, 121
energy spectrum, 98
complex empirical orthogonalfunction (CEO F) , energy transfer, upscale, 95
273
ensemble forecasting, 112
convection, 180, 181, 189, 197, 265, 308
ENSO cycle, 290
convection, cessation of, 187
ENSO mode, 120
convection, weak phase, 194
ENSO predictability, 112, 120
conveyor belt, 395
ENSO, cold-phase, 132
cooling, upper tropospheric, 144
ENSO, warm-phase, 132
correlation analysis, 271
enstrophy spectrum, 98
correlation pattern, 44
equilibria, multiple, 184
coupled general circulation model (CGCM),
equivalent barotropic, 33
169, 266, 273, 284, 307
Ergodic theorem, 93
coupled mode, 191
error covariance analysis, 96
coupled model, 119, 139, 174, 266, 278,
extratropical climate variability, 41
283, 304, 321, 325
cycles, glacial/interglacial, 161
cyclogenesis, 139
Dansgaard-Oeschger cycles, 185, 190
Dansgaard-Oeschger events, 161
data assimilation system, 96
decadal mode, generation of, 287
decadal fluctuations, 133
deep convection, 235, 238
deep water formation, 183, 184, 200
deep-decoupled phase, 187, 189
deep-decoupling oscillations, 185
deglaciation, 184
diabatic heating, 41
dynamics, linear, 86
dynamics, strongly nonlinear, 88
dynamics, weakly nonlinear, 87
Eady index, 107
East Greenland Current, 220
eddy activity, 288
Eemian period, 161, 190
eigenmode, 91, 92, 117
eigenvector, 90
El Nino, 455
El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO), 5,
8,10,16,19,20,48,58-60,62,63,
66-70, 72-74, 84, 111, 119, 141,
163, 175, 191, 204, 264, 271, 278,
304,307,310,311,440,472
Eliassen-Palm theorem, 416, 426
feedback, 288, 304
feedback, advective, 191
feedback, negative, 318
feedback, positive, 277, 318
fluctuation, interannual, 312
fluctuation, interdecadal, 312
flux adjustment, 174, 177, 268, 311, 312,
327, 363, 365, 366
flux boundary condition, 194
flux, surface freshwater, 179, 180
forcing, atmospheric, 128
forcing, cloud, 318, 327
forcing, freshwater, 196
forcing, greenhouse gas, 318
forcing, impulsive salinity, 185
forcing, mixed boundary condition, 185
forcing, radiative, 316, 318
forcing, solar, 174
forcing, stochastic, 163
forecast probability density function (PDF),
84, 86
free trajectory, 121
freshwater flux, 186, 341, 347, 351
geostrophic contour, 417
global cooling, 166
global warming, 327
global-mean SST, 73
Great Salinity Anomaly (GSA), 220, 235,
238
greenhouse effect, 145
cold ocean/warm land (COWL), 53-55,
empirical orthogonal function (EOF), 16,
58,73
17,23,25,34,43,44,46,48, 114
cold phase, 121
energy spectrum, 98
complex empirical orthogonalfunction (CEO F) , energy transfer, upscale, 95
273
ensemble forecasting, 112
convection, 180, 181, 189, 197, 265, 308
ENSO cycle, 290
convection, cessation of, 187
ENSO mode, 120
convection, weak phase, 194
ENSO predictability, 112, 120
conveyor belt, 395
ENSO, cold-phase, 132
cooling, upper tropospheric, 144
ENSO, warm-phase, 132
correlation analysis, 271
enstrophy spectrum, 98
correlation pattern, 44
equilibria, multiple, 184
coupled general circulation model (CGCM),
equivalent barotropic, 33
169, 266, 273, 284, 307
Ergodic theorem, 93
coupled mode, 191
error covariance analysis, 96
coupled model, 119, 139, 174, 266, 278,
extratropical climate variability, 41
283, 304, 321, 325
cycles, glacial/interglacial, 161
cyclogenesis, 139
Dansgaard-Oeschger cycles, 185, 190
Dansgaard-Oeschger events, 161
data assimilation system, 96
decadal mode, generation of, 287
decadal fluctuations, 133
deep convection, 235, 238
deep water formation, 183, 184, 200
deep-decoupled phase, 187, 189
deep-decoupling oscillations, 185
deglaciation, 184
diabatic heating, 41
dynamics, linear, 86
dynamics, strongly nonlinear, 88
dynamics, weakly nonlinear, 87
Eady index, 107
East Greenland Current, 220
eddy activity, 288
Eemian period, 161, 190
eigenmode, 91, 92, 117
eigenvector, 90
El Nino, 455
El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO), 5,
8,10,16,19,20,48,58-60,62,63,
66-70, 72-74, 84, 111, 119, 141,
163, 175, 191, 204, 264, 271, 278,
304,307,310,311,440,472
Eliassen-Palm theorem, 416, 426
feedback, 288, 304
feedback, advective, 191
feedback, negative, 318
feedback, positive, 277, 318
fluctuation, interannual, 312
fluctuation, interdecadal, 312
flux adjustment, 174, 177, 268, 311, 312,
327, 363, 365, 366
flux boundary condition, 194
flux, surface freshwater, 179, 180
forcing, atmospheric, 128
forcing, cloud, 318, 327
forcing, freshwater, 196
forcing, greenhouse gas, 318
forcing, impulsive salinity, 185
forcing, mixed boundary condition, 185
forcing, radiative, 316, 318
forcing, solar, 174
forcing, stochastic, 163
forecast probability density function (PDF),
84, 86
free trajectory, 121
freshwater flux, 186, 341, 347, 351
geostrophic contour, 417
global cooling, 166
global warming, 327
global-mean SST, 73
Great Salinity Anomaly (GSA), 220, 235,
238
greenhouse effect, 145