291
DKRZ, 1992: The ECHAM-3 atmospheric general circulation model. Edited by Deutsches
Klimarechenzentrum Modellbetreuungsgruppe. Thchnical report no. 6. Available from:
DKRZ, Bundesstr. 55, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany.
GILL, A,. 1982: Atmosphere-Ocean Dynamics. Academic Press, New York.
GRAHAM, N.E., 1994: Decadal-scale climate variability in the 1970's and 1980's: Observations
and model results. Clim. Dyn., 10, 135-162.
HOREL, H.D. AND J.M. WALLACE, 1981: Planetary-scale atmospheric phenomena associated
with the Southern Oscillation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 109, 813-829.
HULME, M. AND P.D. JONES, 1993: A historical monthly precipitation dataset for global land
areas: Applications for climate monitoring and climate model evaluation. pp. A/14-A/17,
In: Analysis methods of precipitation on a global scale, Report of a GEWEX Workshop,
14-17 September, 1992, Koblenz, Germany, WMO-TD-No. 558, Geneva.
JACOBS, G.A., H.E. HURLBERT, J.C. KINDLE, E.J. METZGER, J.L. MITCHELL, W.J.
TEAGUE, AND A.J. WALLCRAFT, 1994: Decade-scale trans-Pacific propagation and
warming effects of an El Nino anomaly. Nature, 370, 360-363.
JIANG, S., F .-F. JIN, AND M. GHIL, 1995: Multiple equilibria, periodic and aperiodic solutions
in a wind-driven, double-gyre, shallow-water model. J. Phys. Oceanogr., submitted.
JONES, P.D., R.S. BRADLEY, H.F. DIAZ, P.M. KELLY, T.M.L. WIGLEY, 1986: Northern
Hemisphere surface air temperature variations: 1851-1984. J. Clim. Appl. Met., 25,
161-179.
KUSHNIR, Y., 1994: Interdecadal variations in North Atlantic sea surface temperature and
associated atmospheric conditions. J. Climate, 7, 141-157.
LATIF, M. AND T.P. BARNETT, 1994: Causes of decadal climate variability over the North
Pacific and North America. Science, 266, 634-637.
LATIF, M. AND T. P. BARNETT, 1996: Decadal variability over the North Pacific and North
America: Dynamics and predictability. J. Climate, accepted.
LATIF, M., T. STOCKDALE, J.O. WOLFF, B. BURGERS, E. MAIER-REIMER, M.M. JUNGE,
K. ARPE, AND L. BENGTSSON, 1994: Climatology and variability in the ECHO coupled
GCM. Tellus, 46A, 351-366.
LEVITUS, S., T. P. BOYER, AND J. ANTONOV, 1994: World ocean atlas 1994. Volume 5:
Interannual variability of upper ocean thermal structure. U. S. Department of Commerce,
NOAA, Washington D. C.
MILLER, A.J., D.C. CAYAN, T.P. BARNETT, N.E. GRAHAM, AND J.M. OBERHUBER, 1994:
Interdecadal variability of the Pacific Ocean: model response to observed heat flux and
wind stress anomalies. Clim. Dyn., 9, 287-302.
NAMIAS, J., 1959: Recent seasonal interactions between North Pacific waters and the overlying
atmospheric circulation. J. Geophys. Res., 64, 631-646.
N AMIAS, J., 1969: Seasonal interactions between the North Pacific and the atmosphere during
the 1960s. Mon. Wea. Rev., P7, 173-192.
DKRZ, 1992: The ECHAM-3 atmospheric general circulation model. Edited by Deutsches
Klimarechenzentrum Modellbetreuungsgruppe. Thchnical report no. 6. Available from:
DKRZ, Bundesstr. 55, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany.
GILL, A,. 1982: Atmosphere-Ocean Dynamics. Academic Press, New York.
GRAHAM, N.E., 1994: Decadal-scale climate variability in the 1970's and 1980's: Observations
and model results. Clim. Dyn., 10, 135-162.
HOREL, H.D. AND J.M. WALLACE, 1981: Planetary-scale atmospheric phenomena associated
with the Southern Oscillation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 109, 813-829.
HULME, M. AND P.D. JONES, 1993: A historical monthly precipitation dataset for global land
areas: Applications for climate monitoring and climate model evaluation. pp. A/14-A/17,
In: Analysis methods of precipitation on a global scale, Report of a GEWEX Workshop,
14-17 September, 1992, Koblenz, Germany, WMO-TD-No. 558, Geneva.
JACOBS, G.A., H.E. HURLBERT, J.C. KINDLE, E.J. METZGER, J.L. MITCHELL, W.J.
TEAGUE, AND A.J. WALLCRAFT, 1994: Decade-scale trans-Pacific propagation and
warming effects of an El Nino anomaly. Nature, 370, 360-363.
JIANG, S., F .-F. JIN, AND M. GHIL, 1995: Multiple equilibria, periodic and aperiodic solutions
in a wind-driven, double-gyre, shallow-water model. J. Phys. Oceanogr., submitted.
JONES, P.D., R.S. BRADLEY, H.F. DIAZ, P.M. KELLY, T.M.L. WIGLEY, 1986: Northern
Hemisphere surface air temperature variations: 1851-1984. J. Clim. Appl. Met., 25,
161-179.
KUSHNIR, Y., 1994: Interdecadal variations in North Atlantic sea surface temperature and
associated atmospheric conditions. J. Climate, 7, 141-157.
LATIF, M. AND T.P. BARNETT, 1994: Causes of decadal climate variability over the North
Pacific and North America. Science, 266, 634-637.
LATIF, M. AND T. P. BARNETT, 1996: Decadal variability over the North Pacific and North
America: Dynamics and predictability. J. Climate, accepted.
LATIF, M., T. STOCKDALE, J.O. WOLFF, B. BURGERS, E. MAIER-REIMER, M.M. JUNGE,
K. ARPE, AND L. BENGTSSON, 1994: Climatology and variability in the ECHO coupled
GCM. Tellus, 46A, 351-366.
LEVITUS, S., T. P. BOYER, AND J. ANTONOV, 1994: World ocean atlas 1994. Volume 5:
Interannual variability of upper ocean thermal structure. U. S. Department of Commerce,
NOAA, Washington D. C.
MILLER, A.J., D.C. CAYAN, T.P. BARNETT, N.E. GRAHAM, AND J.M. OBERHUBER, 1994:
Interdecadal variability of the Pacific Ocean: model response to observed heat flux and
wind stress anomalies. Clim. Dyn., 9, 287-302.
NAMIAS, J., 1959: Recent seasonal interactions between North Pacific waters and the overlying
atmospheric circulation. J. Geophys. Res., 64, 631-646.
N AMIAS, J., 1969: Seasonal interactions between the North Pacific and the atmosphere during
the 1960s. Mon. Wea. Rev., P7, 173-192.