removal of BOD potential, and less successful in industries such as chemical
manufacturers which discharge wastes containing durable, potentially harm—
ll, synthetic organic materials. As detailed elsewhere, however, reduction of '
protein—containing biodegradable organic wastes by conventional biological
treatment frequently creates inorganic nutrient supplies that foster another
type of environmental problem—eutrophication. This must be kept in mind in
assessing the reduction of BOD wastes in industries that have large organic
waste loads.
Dairy Industry. One such enterprise is the dairy products industry, in’
,
which large, technologically advanced plants have equipment that, in a
happy coincidence, improves bothbusiness and waste control [22]. Prepara—
tion of butter, cheese, milk, and ice cream involves less product loss to the
wastewater stream in large, advanced plants than in old ones. This reduction
provides both a considerable nancial saving and a marked decrease in or—
ganic wastes. Stainless steel piping systems, automatic cleaning devices, and
other forms of automation in the new plants improve sanitation. This, in turn,
increases the shelf life of dairy products and can, if regulated properly, decrease the amount of soap and chemicals used for cleaning; At the same time,
nearly all dairy plants located in cities now discharge waste water to munici—
pal sewers. Rural plants increasingly are using waste treatment techniques
that include spray irrigation and aerated lagoons in Which biodegradation
takes place.
_
.
:
Cotton and Wool Industries.
In the cotton and wool industries, scouring,
cotton ber desizing, and washing are the major sources of organic pollution,
contributing 50 to 75 percent of the total BOD and solids waste load from a
given plant [23]. Lesser amounts of BOD but more serious quantities of toxic
materials are added by bleaching Wastes and by the acids, salts, and dyes used
in dyeing and printing. Removal of the BOD potential has been improved in i
.
the wool textile weaving and nishing industry by additional biological and
chemical treatment
wastes in the plants and by a rise in dischages to mu—
nicipal seWers, which is expected to reach 75 percent of the total cotton and ’
wool mdustnal waste load in 1977 as compared With 34 percent in 1950. Em—
phasis in ÎhÔëotton textile nishing industry apparently has been on activated
sludge biologicâtltreatment or the aerated lagoon. Some 20 percent of that in—
”
-dustry’s
discharged to municipal sewers in 1950; the gure had
pmbably
1972, although data are not yet available.
Meat Packmglndustry
meat packing, modern slaughtering and meat
processing PracuCeSïeduce the wastelOad,and more packing plants are eX-'
' pected to use
Wa$te;treatment in addition to convenftional catch basms,whmhon1yhaveprov1Sions of gravity settling and grease :
skimining {24}.
In 1950anestrmated20percentof all packing .plantæhadm
’
waste
facilîëëêthepercentagemthout facilities .is expëëteafäîä9è
drop to pt by1977m196770ptfm753 bunguf
manufacturers which discharge wastes containing durable, potentially harm—
ll, synthetic organic materials. As detailed elsewhere, however, reduction of '
protein—containing biodegradable organic wastes by conventional biological
treatment frequently creates inorganic nutrient supplies that foster another
type of environmental problem—eutrophication. This must be kept in mind in
assessing the reduction of BOD wastes in industries that have large organic
waste loads.
Dairy Industry. One such enterprise is the dairy products industry, in’
,
which large, technologically advanced plants have equipment that, in a
happy coincidence, improves bothbusiness and waste control [22]. Prepara—
tion of butter, cheese, milk, and ice cream involves less product loss to the
wastewater stream in large, advanced plants than in old ones. This reduction
provides both a considerable nancial saving and a marked decrease in or—
ganic wastes. Stainless steel piping systems, automatic cleaning devices, and
other forms of automation in the new plants improve sanitation. This, in turn,
increases the shelf life of dairy products and can, if regulated properly, decrease the amount of soap and chemicals used for cleaning; At the same time,
nearly all dairy plants located in cities now discharge waste water to munici—
pal sewers. Rural plants increasingly are using waste treatment techniques
that include spray irrigation and aerated lagoons in Which biodegradation
takes place.
_
.
:
Cotton and Wool Industries.
In the cotton and wool industries, scouring,
cotton ber desizing, and washing are the major sources of organic pollution,
contributing 50 to 75 percent of the total BOD and solids waste load from a
given plant [23]. Lesser amounts of BOD but more serious quantities of toxic
materials are added by bleaching Wastes and by the acids, salts, and dyes used
in dyeing and printing. Removal of the BOD potential has been improved in i
.
the wool textile weaving and nishing industry by additional biological and
chemical treatment
wastes in the plants and by a rise in dischages to mu—
nicipal seWers, which is expected to reach 75 percent of the total cotton and ’
wool mdustnal waste load in 1977 as compared With 34 percent in 1950. Em—
phasis in ÎhÔëotton textile nishing industry apparently has been on activated
sludge biologicâtltreatment or the aerated lagoon. Some 20 percent of that in—
”
-dustry’s
discharged to municipal sewers in 1950; the gure had
pmbably
1972, although data are not yet available.
Meat Packmglndustry
meat packing, modern slaughtering and meat
processing PracuCeSïeduce the wastelOad,and more packing plants are eX-'
' pected to use
Wa$te;treatment in addition to convenftional catch basms,whmhon1yhaveprov1Sions of gravity settling and grease :
skimining {24}.
In 1950anestrmated20percentof all packing .plantæhadm
’
waste
facilîëëêthepercentagemthout facilities .is expëëteafäîä9è
drop to pt by1977m196770ptfm753 bunguf