Manufac—
StecmMunicipal
Total
“
Agriculture
Mining
turing
Electric
(domestic) Withdrawals
W
1960
138,586
2739
22,926
65,988
20,074
250,315
‘
1980
134,883
6982
41,193
179,469
39,394
401,918
2020
131,662
36,546
98,059
528,949
95,289
890,504
ference with biological processes, including those essential to human life,
_
which have limited self—defense mechanisms against dangerous pollution. The
scope of that pollution in the United States can be gauged by the results of
the rst nationwide assessment of river pollution conducted by federal of—
cials in 1970. Pollution was dened as a breach of various statearid federal
standards and Criteria for the physical or chemical condition of fresh water.
On the basisÏ_of eld tests throughout the nation, 32.6 percent—almost one—
third—of all U.S. stream} miles were characterized as persistently polluted [4].
The primary
causing the pollution were ranked in categories
according to their relaü0nslp to,stream miles polluted and degree of
son.
'
.
Acc0rding to the federal study, the rst—place pollutèrs of U.S. waterways
_
.;.
were industries. Ranging from chemical to machinery manufactuers, in—
that discharged directly into the water produced an estimated 34
_
,
_
percent of the stream polution in the United States. As one measure of the
_
-
"‘
_—ï_ "ÏÎÊÎCnÎ, to
billion pounds of oxygen during decompostion in water
‘
by the ve—day bidlogical oxygen demand (BDD) test—standard
assay nsed'as a general, if“ imperfect indicator of the strength of organic
"
.
wastes(The ‘signicance ‘of
will be discussed in “Overfed.”) Expressed
‘
m5h01ïand,Œese 297 billion pounds of BDD were nearly twice the amount Î:
,
=
p10ducedbymdustry just 11 years before in 1975. The 1968 amount Was also
more ïmueet1les the 8.5 billion BOD pounds of domestic wastes pro—
in mmcipalities served by sewers. The combined total
'
of 382bhODBOD pounds Of organic wastes from industrial and domestic
Ï"
s0uièe8
*
m 1968 reœævedï
degrees of treatment that reduced theamount
*to 11.8. waterways to 13,560 billion BOD
pounds'+a shàrp“_dÇèteaëzè
improvements in waste treatment
Mumcrpalwastesrarœd a“ClOSe‘SeCOnd to industrial contaminants as river
mthefederalsmdygne reason was that the category of municipal
wastes mlddwsstmmma
systems of ssssss—s
sewers. A1th°“ghthemumclpaltreaünentplant is popularly assumed to deal}
mainly …d…… dussh inssesssæng1y s…a to these
plants for
mdustr1alefuentand, as a result, the respective
vol—
urnes
Of lndusmal‘mddonæSüçwasœstreatedwere about equal in US. mu—
m°îPal waste tatmentplætsm 19681451The pollution ”impaëî oft‘he
“'aSœ Stream from mm“°‘PalplanŒlenwæheavy inuenced by Indus
'
°°
ThirsWechneloav
.
StecmMunicipal
Total
“
Agriculture
Mining
turing
Electric
(domestic) Withdrawals
W
1960
138,586
2739
22,926
65,988
20,074
250,315
‘
1980
134,883
6982
41,193
179,469
39,394
401,918
2020
131,662
36,546
98,059
528,949
95,289
890,504
ference with biological processes, including those essential to human life,
_
which have limited self—defense mechanisms against dangerous pollution. The
scope of that pollution in the United States can be gauged by the results of
the rst nationwide assessment of river pollution conducted by federal of—
cials in 1970. Pollution was dened as a breach of various statearid federal
standards and Criteria for the physical or chemical condition of fresh water.
On the basisÏ_of eld tests throughout the nation, 32.6 percent—almost one—
third—of all U.S. stream} miles were characterized as persistently polluted [4].
The primary
causing the pollution were ranked in categories
according to their relaü0nslp to,stream miles polluted and degree of
son.
'
.
Acc0rding to the federal study, the rst—place pollutèrs of U.S. waterways
_
.;.
were industries. Ranging from chemical to machinery manufactuers, in—
that discharged directly into the water produced an estimated 34
_
,
_
percent of the stream polution in the United States. As one measure of the
_
-
"‘
_—ï_ "ÏÎÊÎCnÎ, to
billion pounds of oxygen during decompostion in water
‘
by the ve—day bidlogical oxygen demand (BDD) test—standard
assay nsed'as a general, if“ imperfect indicator of the strength of organic
"
.
wastes(The ‘signicance ‘of
will be discussed in “Overfed.”) Expressed
‘
m5h01ïand,Œese 297 billion pounds of BDD were nearly twice the amount Î:
,
=
p10ducedbymdustry just 11 years before in 1975. The 1968 amount Was also
more ïmueet1les the 8.5 billion BOD pounds of domestic wastes pro—
in mmcipalities served by sewers. The combined total
'
of 382bhODBOD pounds Of organic wastes from industrial and domestic
Ï"
s0uièe8
*
m 1968 reœævedï
degrees of treatment that reduced theamount
*to 11.8. waterways to 13,560 billion BOD
pounds'+a shàrp“_dÇèteaëzè
improvements in waste treatment
Mumcrpalwastesrarœd a“ClOSe‘SeCOnd to industrial contaminants as river
mthefederalsmdygne reason was that the category of municipal
wastes mlddwsstmmma
systems of ssssss—s
sewers. A1th°“ghthemumclpaltreaünentplant is popularly assumed to deal}
mainly …d…… dussh inssesssæng1y s…a to these
plants for
mdustr1alefuentand, as a result, the respective
vol—
urnes
Of lndusmal‘mddonæSüçwasœstreatedwere about equal in US. mu—
m°îPal waste tatmentplætsm 19681451The pollution ”impaëî oft‘he
“'aSœ Stream from mm“°‘PalplanŒlenwæheavy inuenced by Indus
'
°°
ThirsWechneloav
.