Index
299
patterns 232
birds 235–237
fi shes 232–235
mammals 237–238
plants 237
process 230
hotspots 74–75, 96–98, 103, 107,
109–113, 126, 130–132
human population density and species
richness 240
human-assisted dispersal of
species 226–227
airline traffi c 228
ship traffi c 227–228
Important Bird Areas (IBA)
programme 117–119
incidence functions 210–211
instrumental values 14
Inter-American Biodiversity Information
Network (IABIN) 249
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC) 42
International Council for Bird
Preservation (ICBP) 106–107,
117–118
International Institute for Species
Exploration 53
International Union for the Conservation
of Nature and Natural Resources
(IUCN) 23–25
Biogeographical Regions 104–106
protected area categories 24
interprovincial scale of SAR 195
intraprovincial scale of SAR 195
intrinsic values 14
invasive species 27, 224
biogeography
economic and ecological impacts
227–229
human-assisted versus prehistoric
226–227
process of invasion 224–226
irreplaceability of sites 152
island biogeography 190–194
guidelines for conservation 219–222
implications of habitat loss and
fragmentation 194
ecosystem collapse 203–208
relaxation and extinction
debt 199–203
species–area relationships
194–199
nestedness 213–216
edge effects 216–217
habitat corridors 217–218
landscape context 218–219
species incidence
metapopulation dynamics
211–213
minimum viable populations
208–211
island species–area relationships
(ISARs) 196–197
Jurassic Coast World Heritage site 23
Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs)
119–121
keystone species 141
landscape scale 7
large marine ecosystems
(LMEs) 130–131
latitudinal changes 176
Legacy Infrastructure Network for
Natural Environments
(LINNE) 53
Leopold, Aldo 21
Linne, Karl von 49–50
Linnean extinctions 58–59, 60
Linnean shortfall 49–54
fi lling 248–250
local extinctions 59, 60, 61
logistic curve 33
London Convention on African Wildlife
20
Major Ecosystem Types (METs) 48
major habitat type (MHT) 116
marine 131
management unit (MU) 65
mapping
function 76
biomes, ecosystems and
communities 76–81
ecoregions 82
protocol 65–72
purposes 102
Marine Ecoregions of the World (MEOW)
125
marine realm
biodiversity 83–91
conservation initiatives 127–129
protected areas (MPAs)
Coastal Zone Management and
critical seascapes 132
connectivity networks 133
global representation
system 123–126
high seas protected areas 132–134
large marine ecosystems 130–131
origins and expansion 122–123
reefs at risk 126–130
status 121–122
WWF Global 200 131–132
Systematic Conservation Planning
147–148
mathematical modelling
current distribution of species,
habitats and biomes 177–180
range shifts 180–183
Systematic Conservation
Planning 152–155
matrix effects 218–219, 222
maximal coverage conservation
prioritization problem 153
maximum sustainable yield 33
mesoecosystems 115
metapopulation dynamics 211–213
minimum set problem 153
minimum viable area (MVA) 209–210
minimum viable population (MVP) 193,
208–211
mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) 65
Muir, John 20–21
national parks 21, 94
IUCN category 24
National Vegetation Classifi cation
(NVC) 39, 79–80, 100–101
Natura 2000 (EU) 23
natural disturbances 41
natural monument, IUCN category 24
natural sacred sites 17
Naturdenkmal 94
nature conservation 6
nature movements 19
nature reserves 19
nestedness 213–216
non-analogue communities 40
non-native species, attitudes to 26–28
novel assemblages 241–242
operational geographical units
(OGUs) 75
operational model for pragmatic
conservation planning 157
palaeoecology 4, 40
Partnership for Enhancing Expertise in
Taxonomy (PEET) 52, 53
persistence (adequacy) 139, 163–164,
188, 191
dynamic conservation planning 183
biotic and abiotic
processes 183–185
climate change and assisted
migration 185–188
long-term ecological insights 184
socio-economic factors 185
299
patterns 232
birds 235–237
fi shes 232–235
mammals 237–238
plants 237
process 230
hotspots 74–75, 96–98, 103, 107,
109–113, 126, 130–132
human population density and species
richness 240
human-assisted dispersal of
species 226–227
airline traffi c 228
ship traffi c 227–228
Important Bird Areas (IBA)
programme 117–119
incidence functions 210–211
instrumental values 14
Inter-American Biodiversity Information
Network (IABIN) 249
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC) 42
International Council for Bird
Preservation (ICBP) 106–107,
117–118
International Institute for Species
Exploration 53
International Union for the Conservation
of Nature and Natural Resources
(IUCN) 23–25
Biogeographical Regions 104–106
protected area categories 24
interprovincial scale of SAR 195
intraprovincial scale of SAR 195
intrinsic values 14
invasive species 27, 224
biogeography
economic and ecological impacts
227–229
human-assisted versus prehistoric
226–227
process of invasion 224–226
irreplaceability of sites 152
island biogeography 190–194
guidelines for conservation 219–222
implications of habitat loss and
fragmentation 194
ecosystem collapse 203–208
relaxation and extinction
debt 199–203
species–area relationships
194–199
nestedness 213–216
edge effects 216–217
habitat corridors 217–218
landscape context 218–219
species incidence
metapopulation dynamics
211–213
minimum viable populations
208–211
island species–area relationships
(ISARs) 196–197
Jurassic Coast World Heritage site 23
Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs)
119–121
keystone species 141
landscape scale 7
large marine ecosystems
(LMEs) 130–131
latitudinal changes 176
Legacy Infrastructure Network for
Natural Environments
(LINNE) 53
Leopold, Aldo 21
Linne, Karl von 49–50
Linnean extinctions 58–59, 60
Linnean shortfall 49–54
fi lling 248–250
local extinctions 59, 60, 61
logistic curve 33
London Convention on African Wildlife
20
Major Ecosystem Types (METs) 48
major habitat type (MHT) 116
marine 131
management unit (MU) 65
mapping
function 76
biomes, ecosystems and
communities 76–81
ecoregions 82
protocol 65–72
purposes 102
Marine Ecoregions of the World (MEOW)
125
marine realm
biodiversity 83–91
conservation initiatives 127–129
protected areas (MPAs)
Coastal Zone Management and
critical seascapes 132
connectivity networks 133
global representation
system 123–126
high seas protected areas 132–134
large marine ecosystems 130–131
origins and expansion 122–123
reefs at risk 126–130
status 121–122
WWF Global 200 131–132
Systematic Conservation Planning
147–148
mathematical modelling
current distribution of species,
habitats and biomes 177–180
range shifts 180–183
Systematic Conservation
Planning 152–155
matrix effects 218–219, 222
maximal coverage conservation
prioritization problem 153
maximum sustainable yield 33
mesoecosystems 115
metapopulation dynamics 211–213
minimum set problem 153
minimum viable area (MVA) 209–210
minimum viable population (MVP) 193,
208–211
mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) 65
Muir, John 20–21
national parks 21, 94
IUCN category 24
National Vegetation Classifi cation
(NVC) 39, 79–80, 100–101
Natura 2000 (EU) 23
natural disturbances 41
natural monument, IUCN category 24
natural sacred sites 17
Naturdenkmal 94
nature conservation 6
nature movements 19
nature reserves 19
nestedness 213–216
non-analogue communities 40
non-native species, attitudes to 26–28
novel assemblages 241–242
operational geographical units
(OGUs) 75
operational model for pragmatic
conservation planning 157
palaeoecology 4, 40
Partnership for Enhancing Expertise in
Taxonomy (PEET) 52, 53
persistence (adequacy) 139, 163–164,
188, 191
dynamic conservation planning 183
biotic and abiotic
processes 183–185
climate change and assisted
migration 185–188
long-term ecological insights 184
socio-economic factors 185