298
Index
Community Conserved Areas (CCAs)
22
Community-Based Natural Resource
Management (CBNRM) 22
complementarity 95, 138, 151, 241
compositionalism 31–32
conservation biogeography
areas of current research 248
challenges 248
education, communication and
public engagement 252–256
fi lling Wallacean and Linnean
shortfalls 248–250
improving models, simulations and
forecasts 250–251
reconciliation ecology 257
turning theory into
practice 251–252
defi nition 3–4
emergence 4–7
future directions 257–258
need for 247–248
scope 7
diversity 8
scale 8
taxonomic units 62
Evolutionary Signifi cant Units
(ESUs) 64–65
other units 65
species versus other geneticallybased units 62–64
conservation biology 4–7
general characteristics 6
Conservation International (CI)
hotspots 74–75, 97–98,
109–113
conservation movement 5
foundational values 16
conservation practice
aims 31
social values 26
attitudes to non-native species
26–28
restoration and rewilding
28–29
conservation resource allocation
problem 154
contagion hypothesis 174
Convention Concerning the Protection
of World Cultural and Natural
Heritage 23
Convention on Biological Diversity
(CBD) 10, 18, 22–23
Conwentz, Hugo 19
cookie cutter spatial division 97, 98
correlative species distribution 178
corridors 217–218
country parks 18–19
countryside biogeography 257
critical seascapes 132
cryptozoogeographical
distributions 70–72
Dasmann–Udvardy scheme 104–106
decision support tools for
planning 152–155
demographical hypothesis 172
differentiation diversity 8
Directive on the Conservation of Wild
Birds (EU) 117
dispersal events 226
distribution maps 55–56
diversity scale 9
dynamic arenas 115
Earth Summit 18
ecological biogeography 5
ecological extinctions 59, 60, 61
ecological surprises 34
ecoregions 82
ecosystems 76–78
adaptive management 42–44
balance versus fl ux 32–34
composition and function 31–32
fl ux 34–37
predicting the future 168–169
edge effects 216–217
education of biogeographic
ideas 252–256
effi ciency 139–140
plan development 151–152
Elton, Charles 34
Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) project 52,
53
Endemic Bird Areas (EBAs) 103,
106–108
endemism 8, 74–75
environmental change, rapid 42
environmental surrogates 144–146
Equilibrium Theory of Island
Biogeography (ETIB) 190, 191
design guidelines 192
eukaryotes
world distribution 51
European Distributed Institute of
Taxonomy (EDIT) 53
Evolutionary Signifi cant Units
(ESUs) 64–65
extinction debt 200–203
Azores 204–206
extinction estimate shortfall 58–62
extinctions
ecological 59, 60, 61
Linnean 58–59, 60
local 59, 60, 61
phoenix 59, 60, 61
predicting 181–183, 198
global species loss 199
time to extinction 202
rates 58
true 59, 60, 61–62
Wallacean 59–61
feedback 34, 37
fl exibility 140
plan development 152
focal scale 8
focal species 141
forest reserves 94
forests, High Conservation Value
approach 99–100
fragmentation 212
functional homogenization 232
functionalism 31–32
fundamental niche 179
game reserves 17–18, 94
gap analysis 124–125
genetic homogenization 231–232
geographical extent 8
Geographical Information System
(GIS) 124
geographical range collapse 170–176
dynamic nature 172–174
geographical scale 7
Global Biodiversity Information Facility
(GBIF) 53, 249
habitat corridors 217–218
habitat islands 137, 190
ecosystem collapse 203–208
life history 220
habitat/special management area, IUCN
category 24
Habitats Directive (EU) 23
habitats
modelling current
distributions 177–180
Hierarchical Patch Dynamics Paradigm
(HPDP) 34–35
hierarchy of processes 36
High Conservation Value approach
99–100
high seas protected areas 132–134
historical biogeography 4
homogenization of species 229–230
conservation 240–241
environmental and human
drivers 238–240
manifestations 230–232
novel assemblages 241–242
Index
Community Conserved Areas (CCAs)
22
Community-Based Natural Resource
Management (CBNRM) 22
complementarity 95, 138, 151, 241
compositionalism 31–32
conservation biogeography
areas of current research 248
challenges 248
education, communication and
public engagement 252–256
fi lling Wallacean and Linnean
shortfalls 248–250
improving models, simulations and
forecasts 250–251
reconciliation ecology 257
turning theory into
practice 251–252
defi nition 3–4
emergence 4–7
future directions 257–258
need for 247–248
scope 7
diversity 8
scale 8
taxonomic units 62
Evolutionary Signifi cant Units
(ESUs) 64–65
other units 65
species versus other geneticallybased units 62–64
conservation biology 4–7
general characteristics 6
Conservation International (CI)
hotspots 74–75, 97–98,
109–113
conservation movement 5
foundational values 16
conservation practice
aims 31
social values 26
attitudes to non-native species
26–28
restoration and rewilding
28–29
conservation resource allocation
problem 154
contagion hypothesis 174
Convention Concerning the Protection
of World Cultural and Natural
Heritage 23
Convention on Biological Diversity
(CBD) 10, 18, 22–23
Conwentz, Hugo 19
cookie cutter spatial division 97, 98
correlative species distribution 178
corridors 217–218
country parks 18–19
countryside biogeography 257
critical seascapes 132
cryptozoogeographical
distributions 70–72
Dasmann–Udvardy scheme 104–106
decision support tools for
planning 152–155
demographical hypothesis 172
differentiation diversity 8
Directive on the Conservation of Wild
Birds (EU) 117
dispersal events 226
distribution maps 55–56
diversity scale 9
dynamic arenas 115
Earth Summit 18
ecological biogeography 5
ecological extinctions 59, 60, 61
ecological surprises 34
ecoregions 82
ecosystems 76–78
adaptive management 42–44
balance versus fl ux 32–34
composition and function 31–32
fl ux 34–37
predicting the future 168–169
edge effects 216–217
education of biogeographic
ideas 252–256
effi ciency 139–140
plan development 151–152
Elton, Charles 34
Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) project 52,
53
Endemic Bird Areas (EBAs) 103,
106–108
endemism 8, 74–75
environmental change, rapid 42
environmental surrogates 144–146
Equilibrium Theory of Island
Biogeography (ETIB) 190, 191
design guidelines 192
eukaryotes
world distribution 51
European Distributed Institute of
Taxonomy (EDIT) 53
Evolutionary Signifi cant Units
(ESUs) 64–65
extinction debt 200–203
Azores 204–206
extinction estimate shortfall 58–62
extinctions
ecological 59, 60, 61
Linnean 58–59, 60
local 59, 60, 61
phoenix 59, 60, 61
predicting 181–183, 198
global species loss 199
time to extinction 202
rates 58
true 59, 60, 61–62
Wallacean 59–61
feedback 34, 37
fl exibility 140
plan development 152
focal scale 8
focal species 141
forest reserves 94
forests, High Conservation Value
approach 99–100
fragmentation 212
functional homogenization 232
functionalism 31–32
fundamental niche 179
game reserves 17–18, 94
gap analysis 124–125
genetic homogenization 231–232
geographical extent 8
Geographical Information System
(GIS) 124
geographical range collapse 170–176
dynamic nature 172–174
geographical scale 7
Global Biodiversity Information Facility
(GBIF) 53, 249
habitat corridors 217–218
habitat islands 137, 190
ecosystem collapse 203–208
life history 220
habitat/special management area, IUCN
category 24
Habitats Directive (EU) 23
habitats
modelling current
distributions 177–180
Hierarchical Patch Dynamics Paradigm
(HPDP) 34–35
hierarchy of processes 36
High Conservation Value approach
99–100
high seas protected areas 132–134
historical biogeography 4
homogenization of species 229–230
conservation 240–241
environmental and human
drivers 238–240
manifestations 230–232
novel assemblages 241–242