300
Index
past, present and future 164–167
geographical range collapse
170–176
integrating evolutionary
considerations 166–167
interpreting recent trends 169–170
predicting future ecosystems
168–169
plan development 146–151
predicting biodiversity
change 176–177
modelling current
distributions 177–180
modelling range shifts 180–183
phoenix extinctions 59, 60, 61
phylogenetic difference 143
phylogenetic diversity (PD) 166
phylogeography 49, 72–74
phytosociology 39
Pinchot, Gifford 18
Planetary Biodiversity Inventories (PBI)
53
pollen record analysis 171
population changes from human
activities 169–170
population scale 7
population viability analysis (PVA) 209
populations 33
pristine systems, relict 38–39
prokaryotes, world distribution 51
protected area with sustainable use of
natural resources, IUCN
category 24
protected areas 14–16
community conservation areas 22
current trends and future
directions 134–135
factors infl uencing establishment 15
framework typology 95–97
biogeographical versus ecological
approaches 100–102
spatial classifi cation 97–100
strategic goals 102–104
growth 15
international categorization system
23–25
marine schemes
Coastal Zone Management and
critical seascapes 132
connectivity networks 133
global representation
system 123–126
high seas protected areas 132–134
large marine ecosystems 130–131
origins and expansion 122–123
reefs at risk 126–130
status 121–122
WWF Global 200 131–132
national parks 21
nature movements and nature
reserves 19
origins 93–95
resource and game reserves 17–18
sacred sites 16–17
social purpose classifi cation 25
state and country parks 18–19
terrestrial schemes 104
Conservation International (CI)
hotspots 109–113
Endemic Bird Areas 106–108
Important Bird Areas (IBA)
programme 117–119
IUCN Biogeographical Regions
scheme 104–106
Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs)
119–121
WWF Ecoregions scheme 113–117
wilderness areas 20–21
wildlife sanctuaries and
refuges 19–20
protected landscape/seascape, IUCN
category 24
public engagement with biogeographic
ideas 252–256
Rabinowitz’s seven forms of rarity
67–69
range restriction 67–69
range shifts
collapse 170–176
modelling 180–183
rapid environmental change 42
rarity of species 67–69
realized niche 179
reconciliation ecology 257
Red List 67–69, 128
reefs at risk 126–130
relaxation 199–201
relict pristine systems 38–39
representation (principle) 96–98, 101,
103–105, 123–125, 131
representativeness 138–139, 191
plan development 140
environmental surrogates 144–146
species-based surrogates 140–144
reserve designations, international
22–23
resource areas 17–18
restoration of habitats 28–29
rewilding 28–29, 41–42
sacred sites 16–17
sasquatch 70–72
scientifi c benchmark sites 94
self-organization 35
Sierra Club 20–21
Single Large Or Several Small (SLOSS)
reserves debate 193
single-island endemics (SIEs) 197
sinks 218
Sites of Special Scientifi c Interest (SSSIs)
22, 39
small island effect 221
social purpose classifi cation of protected
areas 25
social values 13–14, 29–30
conservation practice 26
attitudes to non-native species
26–28
restoration and rewilding 28–29
international reserve
designations 22–23
international system for categorizing
protected areas 23–25
protected areas 14–16
community conservation areas 22
factors infl uencing establishment
15
growth 15
national parks 21
nature movements and nature
reserves 19
resource and game reserves 17–18
sacred sites 16–17
state and country parks 18–19
wilderness areas 20–21
wildlife sanctuaries and refuges
19–20
Society for the Preservation of the Wild
Fauna of the Empire (SPWFE) 20
socio-economic factors in dynamic
conservation planning 185
reserve network design 186–187
spatial scale 8
Special Areas of Conservation 23
Special Protection Areas (SPAs) 23
species
major concepts 63
mapping 65–72
modelling current distributions
177–180
species accumulation curves (SACs) 196
species–area relationships (SAR)
194–199
scales 195–197
species-based surrogates 140–144
species density 8
species description cumulative curves 51
species distribution models 69–72,
181–183
species diversity 8
species richness 8
human population density 240
species turnover 8
Index
past, present and future 164–167
geographical range collapse
170–176
integrating evolutionary
considerations 166–167
interpreting recent trends 169–170
predicting future ecosystems
168–169
plan development 146–151
predicting biodiversity
change 176–177
modelling current
distributions 177–180
modelling range shifts 180–183
phoenix extinctions 59, 60, 61
phylogenetic difference 143
phylogenetic diversity (PD) 166
phylogeography 49, 72–74
phytosociology 39
Pinchot, Gifford 18
Planetary Biodiversity Inventories (PBI)
53
pollen record analysis 171
population changes from human
activities 169–170
population scale 7
population viability analysis (PVA) 209
populations 33
pristine systems, relict 38–39
prokaryotes, world distribution 51
protected area with sustainable use of
natural resources, IUCN
category 24
protected areas 14–16
community conservation areas 22
current trends and future
directions 134–135
factors infl uencing establishment 15
framework typology 95–97
biogeographical versus ecological
approaches 100–102
spatial classifi cation 97–100
strategic goals 102–104
growth 15
international categorization system
23–25
marine schemes
Coastal Zone Management and
critical seascapes 132
connectivity networks 133
global representation
system 123–126
high seas protected areas 132–134
large marine ecosystems 130–131
origins and expansion 122–123
reefs at risk 126–130
status 121–122
WWF Global 200 131–132
national parks 21
nature movements and nature
reserves 19
origins 93–95
resource and game reserves 17–18
sacred sites 16–17
social purpose classifi cation 25
state and country parks 18–19
terrestrial schemes 104
Conservation International (CI)
hotspots 109–113
Endemic Bird Areas 106–108
Important Bird Areas (IBA)
programme 117–119
IUCN Biogeographical Regions
scheme 104–106
Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs)
119–121
WWF Ecoregions scheme 113–117
wilderness areas 20–21
wildlife sanctuaries and
refuges 19–20
protected landscape/seascape, IUCN
category 24
public engagement with biogeographic
ideas 252–256
Rabinowitz’s seven forms of rarity
67–69
range restriction 67–69
range shifts
collapse 170–176
modelling 180–183
rapid environmental change 42
rarity of species 67–69
realized niche 179
reconciliation ecology 257
Red List 67–69, 128
reefs at risk 126–130
relaxation 199–201
relict pristine systems 38–39
representation (principle) 96–98, 101,
103–105, 123–125, 131
representativeness 138–139, 191
plan development 140
environmental surrogates 144–146
species-based surrogates 140–144
reserve designations, international
22–23
resource areas 17–18
restoration of habitats 28–29
rewilding 28–29, 41–42
sacred sites 16–17
sasquatch 70–72
scientifi c benchmark sites 94
self-organization 35
Sierra Club 20–21
Single Large Or Several Small (SLOSS)
reserves debate 193
single-island endemics (SIEs) 197
sinks 218
Sites of Special Scientifi c Interest (SSSIs)
22, 39
small island effect 221
social purpose classifi cation of protected
areas 25
social values 13–14, 29–30
conservation practice 26
attitudes to non-native species
26–28
restoration and rewilding 28–29
international reserve
designations 22–23
international system for categorizing
protected areas 23–25
protected areas 14–16
community conservation areas 22
factors infl uencing establishment
15
growth 15
national parks 21
nature movements and nature
reserves 19
resource and game reserves 17–18
sacred sites 16–17
state and country parks 18–19
wilderness areas 20–21
wildlife sanctuaries and refuges
19–20
Society for the Preservation of the Wild
Fauna of the Empire (SPWFE) 20
socio-economic factors in dynamic
conservation planning 185
reserve network design 186–187
spatial scale 8
Special Areas of Conservation 23
Special Protection Areas (SPAs) 23
species
major concepts 63
mapping 65–72
modelling current distributions
177–180
species accumulation curves (SACs) 196
species–area relationships (SAR)
194–199
scales 195–197
species-based surrogates 140–144
species density 8
species description cumulative curves 51
species distribution models 69–72,
181–183
species diversity 8
species richness 8
human population density 240
species turnover 8