266
References
reserve systems in the Indo - Pacifi c . Conservation Biology ,
21 , 1584 – 1593 .
Bellwood , D.R. & Hughes , T.P. ( 2001 ) Regional - scale assembly
rules and biodiversity of coral reefs . Science , 292 ,
1532 – 1534 .
Bellwood , D.R. & Meyer , C.P. ( 2009 ) Searching for heat in a
marine biodiversity hotspot . Journal of Biogeography , 36 ,
569 – 576 .
Bellwood , D.R. , Hoey , A.S. & Choat , J.H. ( 2003 ) Limited functional redundancy in high diversity systems: resilience and
ecosystem function on coral reefs . Ecology Letters 6 ,
281 – 285 .
Bellwood , D.R. , Hughes , T.P. , Folke , C. & Nystr ö m , M. ( 2004 )
Confronting the coral reef crisis . Nature , 429 , 827 – 833 .
Bennun , L. & Fishpool , L.D.C. ( 2000 ) The Important Bird Areas
programme in Africa: an outline . Ostrich , 71 , 150 – 153 .
Bergamini , A. , Ungricht , S. & Hofmann , H. ( 2009 ) An elevational shift of cryophilous bryophytes in the last century –
an effect of climate warming? Diversity and Distributions ,
15 , 871 – 879 .
Berkes , F. & Folke , C. (eds) ( 1998 ) Linking social and ecological
systems: management practices and social mechanisms for
building resilience . Cambridge University Press , New York .
Berkes , F. , Colding , J. & Folke , C. (eds) ( 2003 ) Navigating Social -
Ecological Systems . Cambridge University Press , Cambridge .
Bhagwat , S.A. & Rutte , C. ( 2006 ) Sacred groves: potential for
biodiversity management . Frontiers in Ecology and the
Environment , 4 , 519 – 524 .
Bhagwat , S.A. , Willis , K.J. , Birks , H.J.B. & Whittaker , R.J.
( 2008 ) Agroforestry: a refuge for tropical biodiversity?
Trends in Ecology & Evolution , 23 , 261 – 267 .
Biedermann , R. ( 2003 ) Body size and area - incidence relationships: is there a general pattern? Global Ecology and
Biogeography , 12 , 381 – 387 .
Biggs , H.C. & Rogers , K.H. ( 2003 ) An adaptive system to link
science, monitoring, and management in practice . The
Kruger experience: ecology and management of savanna heterogeneity (ed. by J.T. du Toit , K.H. Rogers and H.C. Biggs ),
pp. 59 – 80 . Island Press , Washington, DC .
Birks , H.J.B. ( 1996 ) Contributions of Quaternary palaeoecology to nature conservation . Journal of Vegetation Science , 7 ,
89 – 98 .
Birks , H.J.B. ( 2005 ) Mind the gap: how open were European
primeval forests? Trends in Ecology & Evolution , 20 ,
154 – 156 .
Blackmore , A.C. , Mentis , M.T. & Scholes , R.J. ( 1990 ) The
origin and extent of nutrient - enriched patches within a
nutrient - poor savanna in South Africa . Journal of
Biogeography , 17 , 463 – 470 .
Blair , R.B. ( 1996 ) Land use and avian species diversity along
an urban gradient . Ecological Applications , 6 , 506 – 519 .
Blair , R.B. ( 2004 ) The effects of urban sprawl on birds at
multiple levels of biological organization . Ecology and
Society , 9 , 2 ( http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol9/iss5/
art2/ )
Blake , J.G. ( 1991 ) Nested subsets and the distribution of birds
on isolated woodlots . Conservation Biology , 5 , 58 – 66 .
Bloch , C.P. , Higgins , C.L. & Willig , M.R. ( 2007 ) Effects of
large - scale disturbance on metacommunity structure of
terrestrial gastropods: temporal trends in nestedness . Oikos ,
116 , 395 – 406 .
Bode , M. , Wilson K. , McBride M. & Possingham , H.P. ( 2008 )
Optimal dynamic allocation of conservation funding
among priority regions . Bulletin of Mathematical Biology ,
70 , 2039 – 2054 .
Boecklen , W.J. ( 1997 ) Nestedness, biogeographic theory, and
the design of nature reserves . Oecologia , 112 , 123 – 142 .
Boitani , L. , Cowling , R.M. , Dublin , H.T. , Mace , G.M. , Parrish ,
J. , Possingham , H.P. , Pressey , R.L. , Rondinini , C. & Wilson
K.A. ( 2008 ) Change the IUCN Protected Area categories to
refl ect biodiversity outcomes . PLoS Biology , 6 , e66 .
doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060066
Borges , P.A.V. , Cunha , R. , Gabriel , R. , Martins , A.F. , Silva , L.
& Vieira , V. ( 2005 ) A list of the terrestrial fauna (Mollusca
and Arthropoda) and fl ora (Bryophyta, Pteridophyta and
Spermatophyta) from the Azores . Direc ç ã o Regional de
Ambiente and University of Azores, Horta , Angra do
Hero í smo and Ponta Delgada .
Botkin , D.B. ( 1990 ) Discordant harmonies: a new ecology for the
twenty - fi rst century . Oxford University Press , Oxford .
Botkin , D.B. , Saxe , H. , Ara ú jo , M.B. , Betts , R. , Bradshaw ,
R.H.W. , Cedhagen , T. , Chesson , P. , Dawson , T.P. , Etterson ,
J.R. , Faith , D.P. , Ferrier , S. , Guisan , A. , Hansen , A.S. , Hilbert ,
D.W. , Loehle , C. , Margules , C. , New , M. , Sobel , M.J. ,
Stockwell , D.R.B. ( 2007 ) Forecasting the effects of global
warming on biodiversity . BioScience , 57 , 227 – 236 .
Botsford , L.W. , Micheli , F. & Hastings , A. ( 2003 ) Principles for
the design of marine reserves . Ecological Applications , 13 ,
25 – 31 .
Bottrill , M. & Pressey , R.L. ( 2009 ) Designs for nature: regional
conservation planning, implementation and management .
IUCN , Gland .
Bottrill , M. , Joseph , L.N. , Carwardine , J. , Bode , M. , Cook , C. ,
Game , E.T. , Grantham , H. , Kark , S. , Linke , S. , McDonald -
Madden , E. , Pressey , R.L. , Walker , S. , Wilson , K.A. &
Possingham , H.P. ( 2008 ) Is conservation triage just smart
decision - making? Trends in Ecology and Evolution , 23 ,
649 – 654 .
Bowman , D.M.J. S. ( 2001 ) Future eating and country keeping:
what role has environmental history in the conservation of
biodiversity? Journal of Biogeography , 28 , 549 – 564 .
Boyd , W.E. , Lentfer , C.J. & Parr , J. ( 2005 ) Interactions between
human activity, volcanic eruptions and vegetation during
the Holocene at Garua and Numundo, West New Britain,
PNG . Quaternary Research , 64 , 384 – 398 .
Briggs , J.C. ( 1974 ) Marine zoogeography . McGraw - Hill , New
York .
Brncic , T.M. , Willis , D.J. & Washington , R. ( 2007 ) Culture or
climate? The relative infl uences of past processes on the
composition of the lowland Congo rainforest . Philosophical
References
reserve systems in the Indo - Pacifi c . Conservation Biology ,
21 , 1584 – 1593 .
Bellwood , D.R. & Hughes , T.P. ( 2001 ) Regional - scale assembly
rules and biodiversity of coral reefs . Science , 292 ,
1532 – 1534 .
Bellwood , D.R. & Meyer , C.P. ( 2009 ) Searching for heat in a
marine biodiversity hotspot . Journal of Biogeography , 36 ,
569 – 576 .
Bellwood , D.R. , Hoey , A.S. & Choat , J.H. ( 2003 ) Limited functional redundancy in high diversity systems: resilience and
ecosystem function on coral reefs . Ecology Letters 6 ,
281 – 285 .
Bellwood , D.R. , Hughes , T.P. , Folke , C. & Nystr ö m , M. ( 2004 )
Confronting the coral reef crisis . Nature , 429 , 827 – 833 .
Bennun , L. & Fishpool , L.D.C. ( 2000 ) The Important Bird Areas
programme in Africa: an outline . Ostrich , 71 , 150 – 153 .
Bergamini , A. , Ungricht , S. & Hofmann , H. ( 2009 ) An elevational shift of cryophilous bryophytes in the last century –
an effect of climate warming? Diversity and Distributions ,
15 , 871 – 879 .
Berkes , F. & Folke , C. (eds) ( 1998 ) Linking social and ecological
systems: management practices and social mechanisms for
building resilience . Cambridge University Press , New York .
Berkes , F. , Colding , J. & Folke , C. (eds) ( 2003 ) Navigating Social -
Ecological Systems . Cambridge University Press , Cambridge .
Bhagwat , S.A. & Rutte , C. ( 2006 ) Sacred groves: potential for
biodiversity management . Frontiers in Ecology and the
Environment , 4 , 519 – 524 .
Bhagwat , S.A. , Willis , K.J. , Birks , H.J.B. & Whittaker , R.J.
( 2008 ) Agroforestry: a refuge for tropical biodiversity?
Trends in Ecology & Evolution , 23 , 261 – 267 .
Biedermann , R. ( 2003 ) Body size and area - incidence relationships: is there a general pattern? Global Ecology and
Biogeography , 12 , 381 – 387 .
Biggs , H.C. & Rogers , K.H. ( 2003 ) An adaptive system to link
science, monitoring, and management in practice . The
Kruger experience: ecology and management of savanna heterogeneity (ed. by J.T. du Toit , K.H. Rogers and H.C. Biggs ),
pp. 59 – 80 . Island Press , Washington, DC .
Birks , H.J.B. ( 1996 ) Contributions of Quaternary palaeoecology to nature conservation . Journal of Vegetation Science , 7 ,
89 – 98 .
Birks , H.J.B. ( 2005 ) Mind the gap: how open were European
primeval forests? Trends in Ecology & Evolution , 20 ,
154 – 156 .
Blackmore , A.C. , Mentis , M.T. & Scholes , R.J. ( 1990 ) The
origin and extent of nutrient - enriched patches within a
nutrient - poor savanna in South Africa . Journal of
Biogeography , 17 , 463 – 470 .
Blair , R.B. ( 1996 ) Land use and avian species diversity along
an urban gradient . Ecological Applications , 6 , 506 – 519 .
Blair , R.B. ( 2004 ) The effects of urban sprawl on birds at
multiple levels of biological organization . Ecology and
Society , 9 , 2 ( http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol9/iss5/
art2/ )
Blake , J.G. ( 1991 ) Nested subsets and the distribution of birds
on isolated woodlots . Conservation Biology , 5 , 58 – 66 .
Bloch , C.P. , Higgins , C.L. & Willig , M.R. ( 2007 ) Effects of
large - scale disturbance on metacommunity structure of
terrestrial gastropods: temporal trends in nestedness . Oikos ,
116 , 395 – 406 .
Bode , M. , Wilson K. , McBride M. & Possingham , H.P. ( 2008 )
Optimal dynamic allocation of conservation funding
among priority regions . Bulletin of Mathematical Biology ,
70 , 2039 – 2054 .
Boecklen , W.J. ( 1997 ) Nestedness, biogeographic theory, and
the design of nature reserves . Oecologia , 112 , 123 – 142 .
Boitani , L. , Cowling , R.M. , Dublin , H.T. , Mace , G.M. , Parrish ,
J. , Possingham , H.P. , Pressey , R.L. , Rondinini , C. & Wilson
K.A. ( 2008 ) Change the IUCN Protected Area categories to
refl ect biodiversity outcomes . PLoS Biology , 6 , e66 .
doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060066
Borges , P.A.V. , Cunha , R. , Gabriel , R. , Martins , A.F. , Silva , L.
& Vieira , V. ( 2005 ) A list of the terrestrial fauna (Mollusca
and Arthropoda) and fl ora (Bryophyta, Pteridophyta and
Spermatophyta) from the Azores . Direc ç ã o Regional de
Ambiente and University of Azores, Horta , Angra do
Hero í smo and Ponta Delgada .
Botkin , D.B. ( 1990 ) Discordant harmonies: a new ecology for the
twenty - fi rst century . Oxford University Press , Oxford .
Botkin , D.B. , Saxe , H. , Ara ú jo , M.B. , Betts , R. , Bradshaw ,
R.H.W. , Cedhagen , T. , Chesson , P. , Dawson , T.P. , Etterson ,
J.R. , Faith , D.P. , Ferrier , S. , Guisan , A. , Hansen , A.S. , Hilbert ,
D.W. , Loehle , C. , Margules , C. , New , M. , Sobel , M.J. ,
Stockwell , D.R.B. ( 2007 ) Forecasting the effects of global
warming on biodiversity . BioScience , 57 , 227 – 236 .
Botsford , L.W. , Micheli , F. & Hastings , A. ( 2003 ) Principles for
the design of marine reserves . Ecological Applications , 13 ,
25 – 31 .
Bottrill , M. & Pressey , R.L. ( 2009 ) Designs for nature: regional
conservation planning, implementation and management .
IUCN , Gland .
Bottrill , M. , Joseph , L.N. , Carwardine , J. , Bode , M. , Cook , C. ,
Game , E.T. , Grantham , H. , Kark , S. , Linke , S. , McDonald -
Madden , E. , Pressey , R.L. , Walker , S. , Wilson , K.A. &
Possingham , H.P. ( 2008 ) Is conservation triage just smart
decision - making? Trends in Ecology and Evolution , 23 ,
649 – 654 .
Bowman , D.M.J. S. ( 2001 ) Future eating and country keeping:
what role has environmental history in the conservation of
biodiversity? Journal of Biogeography , 28 , 549 – 564 .
Boyd , W.E. , Lentfer , C.J. & Parr , J. ( 2005 ) Interactions between
human activity, volcanic eruptions and vegetation during
the Holocene at Garua and Numundo, West New Britain,
PNG . Quaternary Research , 64 , 384 – 398 .
Briggs , J.C. ( 1974 ) Marine zoogeography . McGraw - Hill , New
York .
Brncic , T.M. , Willis , D.J. & Washington , R. ( 2007 ) Culture or
climate? The relative infl uences of past processes on the
composition of the lowland Congo rainforest . Philosophical