References
265
Ara ú jo , M.B. , Densham , P.J. & Williams , P.H. ( 2004b )
Representing species in reserves from patterns of assemblage diversity . Journal of Biogeography , 31 , 1 – 14
Ara ú jo , M.B. , Thuiller , W. , Williams , P.H. & Reginster , I.
( 2005a ) Downscaling European species atlas distributions
to a fi ner resolution: implications for conservation planning . Global Ecology and Biogeography , 14 , 17 – 30 .
Ara ú jo , M.B. , Whittaker , R.J. , Ladle , R.J. & Erhard , M. ( 2005b )
Reducing uncertainty in projections of extinction risk from
climate change . Global Ecology and Biogeography , 14 ,
529 – 538 .
Ara ú jo , M.B. , Nogu é s - Bravo , D. , Reginster , I. , Rounsevell , M.
& Whittaker , R.J. ( 2008 ) Exposure of European biodiversity
to changes in human - induced pressures . Environmental
Science and Policy , 11 , 38 – 45 .
Arcese , P. & Sinclair , A.R.E. ( 1997 ) The role of protected areas
as ecological baselines . Journal of Wildlife Management , 61 ,
587 – 602 .
Armsworth , P.R. , Daily , G.C. , Kareiva , P. & Sanchirico , J.N.
( 2006 ) Land market feedbacks can undermine biodiversity
conservation . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
USA , 103 , 5403 – 5408 .
Arndt , H. & R é my , J.P. ( 2005 ) Conserving biodiversity under
climate change: the rear edge matters . Ecology Letters , 8 ,
461 – 467 .
Arrhenius , O. ( 1921 ) Species and area . Journal of Ecology , 9 ,
95 – 99 .
Ashlin , A. & Ladle , R.J. ( 2006 ) Environmental science adrift
in the blogosphere . Science , 312 , 201 .
Atmar , W. & Patterson , B.D. ( 1993 ) The measure of order and
disorder in the distribution of species in fragmented habitat .
Oecologia , 96 , 373 – 382 .
Atmar , W. & Patterson , B.D. ( 1995 ) The nestedness temperature
calculator: a Visual Basic program, including 294 presence –
absence matrices . AICS Research, University Park, NM and
Field Museum , Chicago ( http://aics - research.com/nestedness/tempcalc.html ).
Avery , M.L. , Greiner , E.C. , Lindsay , J.R. , Newman , J.R. &
Pruett - Jones , S. ( 2002 ) Monk parakeet management at
electric utility facilities in south Florida . Proceedings of the
20th Vertebrate Pest Conference (ed. by R.M. Timm and
R.H. Schmidt ), pp. 140 – 145 . University of California
Davis , CA .
Avise , J. ( 2000 ) Phylogeography: the history and formation of
species . Harvard University Press , Cambridge, MA .
Avise , J.C. ( 2005 ) Phylogenetic units and currencies above
and below the species level . Phylogeny and conservation (ed.
by A. Purvis , J.L. Gittleman and T. Brooks ), pp. 76 – 101 .
Cambridge University Press , Cambridge, UK .
Avise , J.C. ( 2009 ) Phylogeography: retrospect and prospect .
Journal of Biogeography , 36 , 3 – 15 .
Avise , J.C. & Hamrick , J.L. ( 1996 ) Conservation genetics . Kluwer
Academic Publishers , Norwell, MA .
Avise , J.C. & Walker , D. ( 1999 ) Species realities and numbers
in sexual vertebrates: perspectives from an asexually transmitted genome . Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences USA , 96 , 992 – 995 .
Bailey , R.G. ( 1983 ) Delineation of ecosystem regions .
Environmental Management , 19 , 239 – 248 .
Bailey , R.G. ( 1996 ) Ecosystem geography . Springer - Verlag ,
New York .
Bailey , R.G. ( 1998 ) Ecoregions: the ecosystem geography of the
oceans and continents . Springer , New York .
Ball , I.R. & Possingham , H.P. ( 2000 ) Marxan (v 1.8.6): marine
reserve design using spatially explicit annealing. User Manual .
University of Queensland, Brisbane.
Balogh , B. ( 2002 ) Scientifi c forestry and the roots of
the modern American state: Gifford Pinchot ’ s path to
progressive reform . Environmental History , 7 , 198 –
225 .
Barnes , J. & de Jager , M. ( 1996 ) Economic and fi nancial incentives for wildlife use on private land in Namibia and implications for policy . South African Journal of Wildlife Research , 26 ,
37 – 46 .
Barnosky , A.D. , Koch , P.L. , Feranec , R.S. , Wing , S.L. & Shabel ,
A.B. ( 2004 ) Assessing the causes of late Pleistocene extinctions on the continents . Science , 306 , 70 – 75
Barrett , C.B. , Brandon , K. , Gibson , C. , Gjertsen , H. ( 2001 )
Conserving tropical biodiversity amid weak institutions .
BioScience , 51 , 497 – 502 .
Bartels , G.B. & Norton , B.E. ( 1993 ) An examination of the
carrying capacity concept . Range ecology at disequilibrium
(ed. by R.H. Behnke , I. Scoones and C. Kerven ), pp. 89 – 103 .
ODI / IIED , London .
Basse , B. & McLennan , J.A. ( 2003 ) Protected areas for kiwi in
mainland forests of New Zealand: how large should they
be? New Zealand Journal of Ecology , 27 , 95 – 106 .
Bates , J.M. & Demos , T.C. ( 2001 ) Do we need to devalue
Amazonia and other large tropical forests? Diversity and
Distributions , 7 , 249 – 255 .
Baum , D.A. & Donoghue , M.J. ( 1995 ) Choosing among alternative phylogenetic species concepts . Systematic Botany ,
20 , 560 – 573 .
Baum , J.K. , Myers , R.A. , Kehler , D.G. , Worm , B. , Harley , S.J. &
Doherty , P.A. ( 2003 ) Collapse and conservation of shark
populations in the northwest Atlantic . Science , 299 ,
389 – 392 .
Baum , K.A. , Haynes , K.J. , Dillemuth , F.P. , Cronin , J.T. ( 2004 )
The matrix enhances the effectiveness of corridors and
stepping stones . Ecology , 85 , 2671 – 2676 .
Beale , C.M. , Lennon , J.J. & Gimona , A. ( 2008 ) Opening the
climate envelope reveals no macroscale associations with
climate in European birds . Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences USA , 105 , 14908 – 14912 .
Beger , M. , Jones , G.P. & Munday , P.L. ( 2003 ) Conservation of
coral reef biodiversity: a comparison of reserve selection
procedures for corals and fi shes . Biological Conservation ,
111 , 53 – 62 .
Beger , M. , McKenna , S.A. & Possingham , H.P. ( 2007 )
Effectiveness of surrogate taxa in the design of coral reef
265
Ara ú jo , M.B. , Densham , P.J. & Williams , P.H. ( 2004b )
Representing species in reserves from patterns of assemblage diversity . Journal of Biogeography , 31 , 1 – 14
Ara ú jo , M.B. , Thuiller , W. , Williams , P.H. & Reginster , I.
( 2005a ) Downscaling European species atlas distributions
to a fi ner resolution: implications for conservation planning . Global Ecology and Biogeography , 14 , 17 – 30 .
Ara ú jo , M.B. , Whittaker , R.J. , Ladle , R.J. & Erhard , M. ( 2005b )
Reducing uncertainty in projections of extinction risk from
climate change . Global Ecology and Biogeography , 14 ,
529 – 538 .
Ara ú jo , M.B. , Nogu é s - Bravo , D. , Reginster , I. , Rounsevell , M.
& Whittaker , R.J. ( 2008 ) Exposure of European biodiversity
to changes in human - induced pressures . Environmental
Science and Policy , 11 , 38 – 45 .
Arcese , P. & Sinclair , A.R.E. ( 1997 ) The role of protected areas
as ecological baselines . Journal of Wildlife Management , 61 ,
587 – 602 .
Armsworth , P.R. , Daily , G.C. , Kareiva , P. & Sanchirico , J.N.
( 2006 ) Land market feedbacks can undermine biodiversity
conservation . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
USA , 103 , 5403 – 5408 .
Arndt , H. & R é my , J.P. ( 2005 ) Conserving biodiversity under
climate change: the rear edge matters . Ecology Letters , 8 ,
461 – 467 .
Arrhenius , O. ( 1921 ) Species and area . Journal of Ecology , 9 ,
95 – 99 .
Ashlin , A. & Ladle , R.J. ( 2006 ) Environmental science adrift
in the blogosphere . Science , 312 , 201 .
Atmar , W. & Patterson , B.D. ( 1993 ) The measure of order and
disorder in the distribution of species in fragmented habitat .
Oecologia , 96 , 373 – 382 .
Atmar , W. & Patterson , B.D. ( 1995 ) The nestedness temperature
calculator: a Visual Basic program, including 294 presence –
absence matrices . AICS Research, University Park, NM and
Field Museum , Chicago ( http://aics - research.com/nestedness/tempcalc.html ).
Avery , M.L. , Greiner , E.C. , Lindsay , J.R. , Newman , J.R. &
Pruett - Jones , S. ( 2002 ) Monk parakeet management at
electric utility facilities in south Florida . Proceedings of the
20th Vertebrate Pest Conference (ed. by R.M. Timm and
R.H. Schmidt ), pp. 140 – 145 . University of California
Davis , CA .
Avise , J. ( 2000 ) Phylogeography: the history and formation of
species . Harvard University Press , Cambridge, MA .
Avise , J.C. ( 2005 ) Phylogenetic units and currencies above
and below the species level . Phylogeny and conservation (ed.
by A. Purvis , J.L. Gittleman and T. Brooks ), pp. 76 – 101 .
Cambridge University Press , Cambridge, UK .
Avise , J.C. ( 2009 ) Phylogeography: retrospect and prospect .
Journal of Biogeography , 36 , 3 – 15 .
Avise , J.C. & Hamrick , J.L. ( 1996 ) Conservation genetics . Kluwer
Academic Publishers , Norwell, MA .
Avise , J.C. & Walker , D. ( 1999 ) Species realities and numbers
in sexual vertebrates: perspectives from an asexually transmitted genome . Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences USA , 96 , 992 – 995 .
Bailey , R.G. ( 1983 ) Delineation of ecosystem regions .
Environmental Management , 19 , 239 – 248 .
Bailey , R.G. ( 1996 ) Ecosystem geography . Springer - Verlag ,
New York .
Bailey , R.G. ( 1998 ) Ecoregions: the ecosystem geography of the
oceans and continents . Springer , New York .
Ball , I.R. & Possingham , H.P. ( 2000 ) Marxan (v 1.8.6): marine
reserve design using spatially explicit annealing. User Manual .
University of Queensland, Brisbane.
Balogh , B. ( 2002 ) Scientifi c forestry and the roots of
the modern American state: Gifford Pinchot ’ s path to
progressive reform . Environmental History , 7 , 198 –
225 .
Barnes , J. & de Jager , M. ( 1996 ) Economic and fi nancial incentives for wildlife use on private land in Namibia and implications for policy . South African Journal of Wildlife Research , 26 ,
37 – 46 .
Barnosky , A.D. , Koch , P.L. , Feranec , R.S. , Wing , S.L. & Shabel ,
A.B. ( 2004 ) Assessing the causes of late Pleistocene extinctions on the continents . Science , 306 , 70 – 75
Barrett , C.B. , Brandon , K. , Gibson , C. , Gjertsen , H. ( 2001 )
Conserving tropical biodiversity amid weak institutions .
BioScience , 51 , 497 – 502 .
Bartels , G.B. & Norton , B.E. ( 1993 ) An examination of the
carrying capacity concept . Range ecology at disequilibrium
(ed. by R.H. Behnke , I. Scoones and C. Kerven ), pp. 89 – 103 .
ODI / IIED , London .
Basse , B. & McLennan , J.A. ( 2003 ) Protected areas for kiwi in
mainland forests of New Zealand: how large should they
be? New Zealand Journal of Ecology , 27 , 95 – 106 .
Bates , J.M. & Demos , T.C. ( 2001 ) Do we need to devalue
Amazonia and other large tropical forests? Diversity and
Distributions , 7 , 249 – 255 .
Baum , D.A. & Donoghue , M.J. ( 1995 ) Choosing among alternative phylogenetic species concepts . Systematic Botany ,
20 , 560 – 573 .
Baum , J.K. , Myers , R.A. , Kehler , D.G. , Worm , B. , Harley , S.J. &
Doherty , P.A. ( 2003 ) Collapse and conservation of shark
populations in the northwest Atlantic . Science , 299 ,
389 – 392 .
Baum , K.A. , Haynes , K.J. , Dillemuth , F.P. , Cronin , J.T. ( 2004 )
The matrix enhances the effectiveness of corridors and
stepping stones . Ecology , 85 , 2671 – 2676 .
Beale , C.M. , Lennon , J.J. & Gimona , A. ( 2008 ) Opening the
climate envelope reveals no macroscale associations with
climate in European birds . Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences USA , 105 , 14908 – 14912 .
Beger , M. , Jones , G.P. & Munday , P.L. ( 2003 ) Conservation of
coral reef biodiversity: a comparison of reserve selection
procedures for corals and fi shes . Biological Conservation ,
111 , 53 – 62 .
Beger , M. , McKenna , S.A. & Possingham , H.P. ( 2007 )
Effectiveness of surrogate taxa in the design of coral reef