THE PELAGIC ENVIRONMENT OF THE OPEN OCEAN
77
from the Antarctic mesopelagic zone. Deep-Sea Res., 25:
1991−2002.
Isaacs, J.D., Tont, S.A. and Wicks, G.L., 1974. Deep scattering layers:
vertical migration as a tactic for finding food. Deep-Sea Res., 21:
651−656.
Jahnke, R.A., 1996. The global ocean flux of particulate organic
carbon: areal distribution and magnitude. Global Biogeochem.
Cycles, 10: 71−88.
Janssen, J., Harbison, G.R. and Craddock, J., 1986. Hatchet fishes
hold horizontal attitudes during diagonal descents. J. Mar. Biol.
Assoc. UK, 66: 825−833.
Joyce, T.M. and Wiebe, P.H. (Editors), 1992. Warm core rings:
interdisciplinary studies of Kuroshio and Gulf Stream rings. DeepSea Res., 39: S1-S417. Supplementary issue 1A.
Jumars, P.A. and Gallagher, E.D., 1982. Deep-sea community
structure: three plays on the benthic proscenium. In: W.G. Ernst and
J.G. Morin (Editors), The Environment of the Deep Sea. PrenticeHall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, pp. 217–255.
Kock, R., 1992. Ostracoden im Epipelagial vor der Antarktischen
Halbinsel – ein Beitrag zur Systematik sowie zur Verbreitung und
Populationsstruktur unter Ber¨ ucksichtigung der Saisonalit¨ at. Ber.
Polar., 106: 1−209.
Kontar, E.A. and Sokov, A.V., 1994. A benthic storm in the
northeastern tropical Pacific over the fields of manganese nodules.
Deep-Sea Res. I, 41: 1069−1089.
Lampitt, R.S., 1985. Evidence for the seasonal deposition of detritus
to the deep-sea floor and its subsequent resuspension. Deep-Sea
Res., 32: 885−897.
Lampitt, R.S. and Antia, A.N., 1997. Particle flux in the deep seas:
regional characteristics and temporal variability. Deep Sea Res. I,
44: 1377−1403.
Lampitt, R.S., Merrett, N.R. and Thurston, M.H., 1983. Inter-relations
of necrophagous amphipods, a fish predator, and tidal currents in
the deep sea. Mar. Biol., 74: 73−78.
Lampitt, R.S., Billett, D.S.M. and Rice, A.L., 1986. Biomass of the
invertebrate megabenthos from 500 to 4100 m in the Northeast
Atlantic Ocean. Mar. Biol., 93: 69−81.
Lampitt, R.S., Hillier, W.R. and Challenor, P.G., 1993. Seasonal and
diel variation in the open ocean concentration of marine snow
aggregates. Nature London, 362: 737−739.
Levitus, S., Conkright, M.E., Reid, J.L., Najjar, R.G. and Mantyla,
A.W., 1993. Distribution of nitrate, phosphate and silicate in the
world oceans. Prog. Oceanogr., 31: 245−274.
Longhurst, A.R., 1995. Seasonal cycles of pelagic production and
consumption. Prog. Oceanogr., 36: 77−168.
Longhurst, A.R. and Harrison, W.G., 1988. Vertical nitrogen flux
from the oceanic photic zone by diel migrant zooplankton and
nekton. Deep-Sea Res., 35: 881−889.
Mantyla, A.W. and Reid, J.L., 1983. Abyssal characteristics of the
world ocean waters. Deep-Sea Res., 30A: 805−833.
Marshall, N.B., 1971. Explorations in the Life of Fishes. Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, 204 pp.
Martin, J.H., Fitzwater, S.E. and Gordon, R.M., 1990. Iron
deficiency limits phytoplankton growth in Antarctic waters. Global
Biogeochem. Cycles, 4: 5−12.
Maynard Smith, J., 1989. The causes of extinction. Philos. Trans. R.
Soc. London Ser. B, 325: 241−252.
McCartney, M.S., 1992. Recirculating components to the deep
boundary current of the northern North Atlantic. Prog. Oceanogr.,
29: 283−383.
Menzies, R.J. and Wilson, J.B.S., 1961. Preliminary field experiments
on the relative importance of pressure and temperature on the
penetration of marine invertebrates into the deep sea. Oikos, 12:
302−309.
Merrett, N.R., 1987. A zone of faunal change in the eastern Atlantic:
a response to seasonality in production? Biol. Oceanogr., 5:
137−151.
Mittelstaedt, E., 1991. The ocean boundary along the Northwest
African coast: circulation and oceanographic properties at the sea
surface. Prog. Oceanogr., 26: 307−356.
New, A.L. and Pingree, R.D., 1990. Evidence for internal tide mixing
near the shelf break in the Bay of Biscay. Deep-Sea Res., 37:
1783−1803.
Nof, D., 1985. Joint vortices, eastward propagating eddies and
migrating Taylor columns. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 15: 1114−1137.
Open University, 1989. Ocean Chemistry and Deep-Sea Sediments.
The Open University, in association with Pergamon Press, Milton
Keynes, 134 pp.
Palumbi, S.R., 1992. Marine speciation on a small planet. Trends
Ecol. Evol., 7: 114−118.
Parish, J. and Curtis, R.L., 1982. Atmospheric circulation, upwelling
and organic-rich rocks in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras.
Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 40: 31−66.
Parson, L.M., Walker, C.L. and Dixon, D.R. (Editors), 1995.
Hydrothermal Vents and Processes. Geological Society Special
Publication 87, 411 pp.
Parsons, T.R., 1988. Comparative oceanic ecology of the plankton
communities of the subarctic Atlantic and Pacific oceans.
Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Annu. Rev., 26: 317−359.
Partridge, J.C., 1990. The colour sensitivity and vision of fishes.
In: P.J. Herring, A.K. Campbell, M. Whitfield and L. Maddock
(Editors), Light and Life in the Sea. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, pp. 167–184.
Paterson, G.L.J. and Lambshead, P.J.D., 1995. Bathymetric patterns
of polychaete diversity in the Rockall Trough, northeast Atlantic.
Deep-Sea Res., 42: 1199−1214.
Peterson, R.G. and Stramma, L., 1991. Upper-level circulation in the
South Atlantic Ocean. Prog. Oceanogr., 26: 1−74.
Platt, T., Mann, K.H. and Ulanowicz, R.E. (Editors), 1981.
Mathematical Models in Biological Oceanography. The UNESCO
Press, Paris, 156 pp.
Rex, M.A., 1983. Geographic patterns of species diversity in the
deep-sea benthos. In: G.T. Rowe (Editor), The Sea, Vol. 8, DeepSea Biology. Wiley, New York, pp. 453–472.
Rex, M.A., Stuart, C.T., Hessler, R.R., Allen, J.A., Sanders, H.L. and
Wilson, G.D.F., 1993. Global-scale latitudinal patterns of species
diversity in the deep-sea benthos. Nature London, 365: 636−639.
Ribbink, A.J., 1994. Biodiversity and speciation of freshwater fishes
with particular reference to African cichlids. In: P.S. Giller,
A.G. Hildrew and D.G. Raffaelli (Editors), Aquatic Ecology: Scale,
Pattern and Process. Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 261–288.
Rice, A.L., Thurston, M.H. and Bett, B.J., 1994. The IOSDL
DEEPSEAS programme: introduction and photographic evidence
for the presence and absence of a seasonal input of phytodetritus
at contrasting abyssal sites in the Northeastern Atlantic. Deep-Sea
Res. I, 41: 1305−1320.
Roe, H.S.J., 1972. The vertical distributions and diurnal migrations
77
from the Antarctic mesopelagic zone. Deep-Sea Res., 25:
1991−2002.
Isaacs, J.D., Tont, S.A. and Wicks, G.L., 1974. Deep scattering layers:
vertical migration as a tactic for finding food. Deep-Sea Res., 21:
651−656.
Jahnke, R.A., 1996. The global ocean flux of particulate organic
carbon: areal distribution and magnitude. Global Biogeochem.
Cycles, 10: 71−88.
Janssen, J., Harbison, G.R. and Craddock, J., 1986. Hatchet fishes
hold horizontal attitudes during diagonal descents. J. Mar. Biol.
Assoc. UK, 66: 825−833.
Joyce, T.M. and Wiebe, P.H. (Editors), 1992. Warm core rings:
interdisciplinary studies of Kuroshio and Gulf Stream rings. DeepSea Res., 39: S1-S417. Supplementary issue 1A.
Jumars, P.A. and Gallagher, E.D., 1982. Deep-sea community
structure: three plays on the benthic proscenium. In: W.G. Ernst and
J.G. Morin (Editors), The Environment of the Deep Sea. PrenticeHall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, pp. 217–255.
Kock, R., 1992. Ostracoden im Epipelagial vor der Antarktischen
Halbinsel – ein Beitrag zur Systematik sowie zur Verbreitung und
Populationsstruktur unter Ber¨ ucksichtigung der Saisonalit¨ at. Ber.
Polar., 106: 1−209.
Kontar, E.A. and Sokov, A.V., 1994. A benthic storm in the
northeastern tropical Pacific over the fields of manganese nodules.
Deep-Sea Res. I, 41: 1069−1089.
Lampitt, R.S., 1985. Evidence for the seasonal deposition of detritus
to the deep-sea floor and its subsequent resuspension. Deep-Sea
Res., 32: 885−897.
Lampitt, R.S. and Antia, A.N., 1997. Particle flux in the deep seas:
regional characteristics and temporal variability. Deep Sea Res. I,
44: 1377−1403.
Lampitt, R.S., Merrett, N.R. and Thurston, M.H., 1983. Inter-relations
of necrophagous amphipods, a fish predator, and tidal currents in
the deep sea. Mar. Biol., 74: 73−78.
Lampitt, R.S., Billett, D.S.M. and Rice, A.L., 1986. Biomass of the
invertebrate megabenthos from 500 to 4100 m in the Northeast
Atlantic Ocean. Mar. Biol., 93: 69−81.
Lampitt, R.S., Hillier, W.R. and Challenor, P.G., 1993. Seasonal and
diel variation in the open ocean concentration of marine snow
aggregates. Nature London, 362: 737−739.
Levitus, S., Conkright, M.E., Reid, J.L., Najjar, R.G. and Mantyla,
A.W., 1993. Distribution of nitrate, phosphate and silicate in the
world oceans. Prog. Oceanogr., 31: 245−274.
Longhurst, A.R., 1995. Seasonal cycles of pelagic production and
consumption. Prog. Oceanogr., 36: 77−168.
Longhurst, A.R. and Harrison, W.G., 1988. Vertical nitrogen flux
from the oceanic photic zone by diel migrant zooplankton and
nekton. Deep-Sea Res., 35: 881−889.
Mantyla, A.W. and Reid, J.L., 1983. Abyssal characteristics of the
world ocean waters. Deep-Sea Res., 30A: 805−833.
Marshall, N.B., 1971. Explorations in the Life of Fishes. Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, 204 pp.
Martin, J.H., Fitzwater, S.E. and Gordon, R.M., 1990. Iron
deficiency limits phytoplankton growth in Antarctic waters. Global
Biogeochem. Cycles, 4: 5−12.
Maynard Smith, J., 1989. The causes of extinction. Philos. Trans. R.
Soc. London Ser. B, 325: 241−252.
McCartney, M.S., 1992. Recirculating components to the deep
boundary current of the northern North Atlantic. Prog. Oceanogr.,
29: 283−383.
Menzies, R.J. and Wilson, J.B.S., 1961. Preliminary field experiments
on the relative importance of pressure and temperature on the
penetration of marine invertebrates into the deep sea. Oikos, 12:
302−309.
Merrett, N.R., 1987. A zone of faunal change in the eastern Atlantic:
a response to seasonality in production? Biol. Oceanogr., 5:
137−151.
Mittelstaedt, E., 1991. The ocean boundary along the Northwest
African coast: circulation and oceanographic properties at the sea
surface. Prog. Oceanogr., 26: 307−356.
New, A.L. and Pingree, R.D., 1990. Evidence for internal tide mixing
near the shelf break in the Bay of Biscay. Deep-Sea Res., 37:
1783−1803.
Nof, D., 1985. Joint vortices, eastward propagating eddies and
migrating Taylor columns. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 15: 1114−1137.
Open University, 1989. Ocean Chemistry and Deep-Sea Sediments.
The Open University, in association with Pergamon Press, Milton
Keynes, 134 pp.
Palumbi, S.R., 1992. Marine speciation on a small planet. Trends
Ecol. Evol., 7: 114−118.
Parish, J. and Curtis, R.L., 1982. Atmospheric circulation, upwelling
and organic-rich rocks in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras.
Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 40: 31−66.
Parson, L.M., Walker, C.L. and Dixon, D.R. (Editors), 1995.
Hydrothermal Vents and Processes. Geological Society Special
Publication 87, 411 pp.
Parsons, T.R., 1988. Comparative oceanic ecology of the plankton
communities of the subarctic Atlantic and Pacific oceans.
Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Annu. Rev., 26: 317−359.
Partridge, J.C., 1990. The colour sensitivity and vision of fishes.
In: P.J. Herring, A.K. Campbell, M. Whitfield and L. Maddock
(Editors), Light and Life in the Sea. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, pp. 167–184.
Paterson, G.L.J. and Lambshead, P.J.D., 1995. Bathymetric patterns
of polychaete diversity in the Rockall Trough, northeast Atlantic.
Deep-Sea Res., 42: 1199−1214.
Peterson, R.G. and Stramma, L., 1991. Upper-level circulation in the
South Atlantic Ocean. Prog. Oceanogr., 26: 1−74.
Platt, T., Mann, K.H. and Ulanowicz, R.E. (Editors), 1981.
Mathematical Models in Biological Oceanography. The UNESCO
Press, Paris, 156 pp.
Rex, M.A., 1983. Geographic patterns of species diversity in the
deep-sea benthos. In: G.T. Rowe (Editor), The Sea, Vol. 8, DeepSea Biology. Wiley, New York, pp. 453–472.
Rex, M.A., Stuart, C.T., Hessler, R.R., Allen, J.A., Sanders, H.L. and
Wilson, G.D.F., 1993. Global-scale latitudinal patterns of species
diversity in the deep-sea benthos. Nature London, 365: 636−639.
Ribbink, A.J., 1994. Biodiversity and speciation of freshwater fishes
with particular reference to African cichlids. In: P.S. Giller,
A.G. Hildrew and D.G. Raffaelli (Editors), Aquatic Ecology: Scale,
Pattern and Process. Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 261–288.
Rice, A.L., Thurston, M.H. and Bett, B.J., 1994. The IOSDL
DEEPSEAS programme: introduction and photographic evidence
for the presence and absence of a seasonal input of phytodetritus
at contrasting abyssal sites in the Northeastern Atlantic. Deep-Sea
Res. I, 41: 1305−1320.
Roe, H.S.J., 1972. The vertical distributions and diurnal migrations