GENERAL INDEX
567
trophodynamic modelling, 362, 363
trophosome, 94, 96
Tsugara Strait (Sea of Japan), 275
Tsugara Warm Current (Sea of Japan), 276
Tsushima Current (Sea of Japan), 275, 276
Tsushima Strait (Sea of Japan), 275
tube worms, 81
– growth rates, 30, 99
– in reducing environments, 86
– reproduction, 384
– seeps, 89
– symbiosis, 94
tuna
– buoyancy, 73
– diet, 56, 68
tunicates, 141, 342
turbidites, 111, 119, 270, 283, 284
– animal traces, 155
– Atlantic Ocean, 119
– – Madeira Abyssal Plain, 119
– definition, 111
– deposition, 119
– transport, 46
– Venezuela Basin (Caribbean Sea), 284
– – macrofauna, 284
turbidity, 328
turbidity currents, 115, 118, 431
– Southern Ocean, 252
turbidity flows, 111, 131, 271, 315, 330, 331, 431
– Grand Banks, 119
turbulent mixing, 363, 364
turbulent shear, 315
turnover rates, 349
Tyndall scattering, 45
Tyrrhenian Basin (Mediterranean Sea), 262, 280
Tyrrhenian Sea (Mediterranean Sea), 282
238 U, 346
undercurrent, 431
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS),
458, 460
– 1994 Agreement, 458, 459
United Nations Informal Consultative Process on Oceans and the
Law of the Sea (UNICPOLOS), 461
upstream orientation of tentacle crowns, 342
upward flux (rebound flux), 317, 329, 330
upwelling, 48, 50, 51, 67, 68, 182–184, 326, 334, 451
– Atlantic Ocean, 112, 116, 118, 156
– – equatorial Atlantic, 153
– – Northwest African margin, 67, 68, 139, 140, 317
– – Southwest African margin, 67
– copepods, 60
– dominant species, 68
– effects on densities, 157
– effects on oxygen, 68, 157, 160
– Indian Ocean, 220–223, 226, 227, 232
– – Arabian Sea, 67
– – Bay of Bengal, 234
– – Somali Sea, 67
– monsoon, 68, 326
– Pacific Ocean, 181, 198–200
– – California slope, 67, 68, 195
– – Peru–Chile upwelling system, 67, 182
– phosphorite deposition, 448
– primary production, 68
– surface productivity, 44
– transport route for contamination, 431
uranium (see also
238 U), 52, 439
USNEL box corer, 13, 138
Valdivia Deep (Red Sea), 267, 268
Valdivia Seamount (Atlantic Ocean), 151
veligers, 396
Vema Fracture Zone (Atlantic Ocean), 141
– biomass, 146
– faunal densities, 146, 153
Vema Gap (Atlantic Ocean), 115
Venezuela Basin (Caribbean Sea), 117, 147, 268, 270, 283
– bacterial abundance, 283
– density of macrofauna, 284
– density of megafauna, 284
– earthquake, 119
vent creation, 81
vent distribution, 83
vent locations, 82
vent types, 82, 83
vertical convection, 115
vertical flux, 2, 60, 114, 117, 121, 132, 154, 156, 158, 261, 265,
266, 364, 403, 409, 410, 474
– Atlantic Ocean, 114, 120, 125, 141
– Caribbean Sea, 270, 284
– contamination, 430, 431
– effects on densities, 157
– episodic, 350
– Gulf of Mexico, 272, 285
– Indian Ocean, 226
– Indonesian Seas, 274
– interannual variability, 121, 203
– Kurile Basin (Sea of Okhotsk), 287
– Mediterranean Sea, 279, 281, 282
– Pacific Ocean, 185, 186, 200, 203
– – abyssal equatorial Pacific, 200
– Red Sea, 268, 283
– repackaging, 350
– Sea of Japan, 275, 276
– Sea of Okhotsk, 277, 279
– seasonality, 120, 123, 226
– Southern Ocean, 252, 253
– temporal variability, 350
– upward, 414
– Venezuela Basin (Caribbean Sea), 284
– very fine particles, 320
vertical migration, 59, 60, 316, 323, 329, 363, 402, 451, 455
– diel, 55, 67, 68, 316–318, 359, 363, 445
– – lower limits, 57
– diurnal, 59
– ladder of vertical migrations theory, 316
– ontogenetic, 59, 60, 73, 151, 415, 445
567
trophodynamic modelling, 362, 363
trophosome, 94, 96
Tsugara Strait (Sea of Japan), 275
Tsugara Warm Current (Sea of Japan), 276
Tsushima Current (Sea of Japan), 275, 276
Tsushima Strait (Sea of Japan), 275
tube worms, 81
– growth rates, 30, 99
– in reducing environments, 86
– reproduction, 384
– seeps, 89
– symbiosis, 94
tuna
– buoyancy, 73
– diet, 56, 68
tunicates, 141, 342
turbidites, 111, 119, 270, 283, 284
– animal traces, 155
– Atlantic Ocean, 119
– – Madeira Abyssal Plain, 119
– definition, 111
– deposition, 119
– transport, 46
– Venezuela Basin (Caribbean Sea), 284
– – macrofauna, 284
turbidity, 328
turbidity currents, 115, 118, 431
– Southern Ocean, 252
turbidity flows, 111, 131, 271, 315, 330, 331, 431
– Grand Banks, 119
turbulent mixing, 363, 364
turbulent shear, 315
turnover rates, 349
Tyndall scattering, 45
Tyrrhenian Basin (Mediterranean Sea), 262, 280
Tyrrhenian Sea (Mediterranean Sea), 282
238 U, 346
undercurrent, 431
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS),
458, 460
– 1994 Agreement, 458, 459
United Nations Informal Consultative Process on Oceans and the
Law of the Sea (UNICPOLOS), 461
upstream orientation of tentacle crowns, 342
upward flux (rebound flux), 317, 329, 330
upwelling, 48, 50, 51, 67, 68, 182–184, 326, 334, 451
– Atlantic Ocean, 112, 116, 118, 156
– – equatorial Atlantic, 153
– – Northwest African margin, 67, 68, 139, 140, 317
– – Southwest African margin, 67
– copepods, 60
– dominant species, 68
– effects on densities, 157
– effects on oxygen, 68, 157, 160
– Indian Ocean, 220–223, 226, 227, 232
– – Arabian Sea, 67
– – Bay of Bengal, 234
– – Somali Sea, 67
– monsoon, 68, 326
– Pacific Ocean, 181, 198–200
– – California slope, 67, 68, 195
– – Peru–Chile upwelling system, 67, 182
– phosphorite deposition, 448
– primary production, 68
– surface productivity, 44
– transport route for contamination, 431
uranium (see also
238 U), 52, 439
USNEL box corer, 13, 138
Valdivia Deep (Red Sea), 267, 268
Valdivia Seamount (Atlantic Ocean), 151
veligers, 396
Vema Fracture Zone (Atlantic Ocean), 141
– biomass, 146
– faunal densities, 146, 153
Vema Gap (Atlantic Ocean), 115
Venezuela Basin (Caribbean Sea), 117, 147, 268, 270, 283
– bacterial abundance, 283
– density of macrofauna, 284
– density of megafauna, 284
– earthquake, 119
vent creation, 81
vent distribution, 83
vent locations, 82
vent types, 82, 83
vertical convection, 115
vertical flux, 2, 60, 114, 117, 121, 132, 154, 156, 158, 261, 265,
266, 364, 403, 409, 410, 474
– Atlantic Ocean, 114, 120, 125, 141
– Caribbean Sea, 270, 284
– contamination, 430, 431
– effects on densities, 157
– episodic, 350
– Gulf of Mexico, 272, 285
– Indian Ocean, 226
– Indonesian Seas, 274
– interannual variability, 121, 203
– Kurile Basin (Sea of Okhotsk), 287
– Mediterranean Sea, 279, 281, 282
– Pacific Ocean, 185, 186, 200, 203
– – abyssal equatorial Pacific, 200
– Red Sea, 268, 283
– repackaging, 350
– Sea of Japan, 275, 276
– Sea of Okhotsk, 277, 279
– seasonality, 120, 123, 226
– Southern Ocean, 252, 253
– temporal variability, 350
– upward, 414
– Venezuela Basin (Caribbean Sea), 284
– very fine particles, 320
vertical migration, 59, 60, 316, 323, 329, 363, 402, 451, 455
– diel, 55, 67, 68, 316–318, 359, 363, 445
– – lower limits, 57
– diurnal, 59
– ladder of vertical migrations theory, 316
– ontogenetic, 59, 60, 73, 151, 415, 445