568
GENERAL INDEX
vertical migration (cont’d)
– seasonal, 59, 60, 445
vertical mixing, 340, 451
very fine particles in vertical flux, 320
vesicomyids, 88, 90, 94, 95, 97, 98, 412
vestimentiferans (see also Vestimentifera in Systematic Index)
– colonization of external surfaces, 88
– Gulf of Mexico, 285
– in reducing environments, 81, 86, 95–97
– lamellibrachiid, 90
– longevity, 99
– Riftia pachyptila, 88, 94, 96, 98, 99, 383–385, 387, 416
– seeps, 89
– sulphide absorption, 94
– symbiosis, 94
Virginia currents (Atlantic ocean), 129
visual predation, 74
vitellogenesis, 382, 384, 389, 395, 398, 409
volcanic activity, 277
volcanic disturbances, 327
volcanic processes, 118
Volcano 7 (Pacific Ocean), 180, 189, 198, 230
Vøring Plateau (Atlantic Ocean), 122, 132, 133, 428
– biomass, 142
– densities, 142
vorticity, 51
Wallace’s Line, 273, 286
Walvis Bay (Atlantic Ocean), 153, 230
– densities, 153
– diversity, 153
warm-core rings associated with Gulf Stream, 123
WASP (wide-angle survey photography), 155
waste
– invisible, 427
– visible, 427
waste containers, 436
waste disposal, 3, 427–446, 458, 475
– carbon dioxide, 444–446, 476
– – effects on fauna, 445
– dredge spoil, 3, 441–444
– dumping, 432
– – contained, 441
– – uncontained, 441, 442
– lost containers, 432
– munitions, 433–435
– – chemical weapons, 434
– – disintegration, 434
– – investigation of dump sites, 434, 435
– – mustard gas, 434
– NEA dump sites, 439
– nuclear waste, 435–440
– – investigation of dump sites, 439
– – nuclear-powered submarines, 439
– offshore installations, 435
– – Brent Spar, 435, 476
– pharmaceuticals, 3
– radioactive waste, 3, 435, 436, 438, 476
– secret, 432
– sewage sludge, 432, 435, 440–444
– – investigation of dump sites, 440, 441
– submarine cables, 446
– use of deep sea as repository, 431
waste storage, 427, 433
waste treatment, 433
water
– mixing, 315
– physicochemical properties, 40–45
– – pH, 40
– turbulence, 319
water-column stability, 119
water masses, 40, 42
– development over geological time, 61
– subpolar, 428
– turbid bottom layers, 431
Weber Deep (Indonesian Seas), 272, 274
Weddell Gyre Boundary, 181
Weddell Sea Bottom Water, 42, 116, 429
Weddell Sea (Southern Ocean), 116, 182, 249, 251, 367
– contamination by chlorofluorocarbons, 429
– crustacean reproduction, 390
– foraminiferans, 301, 307
– poleward decreases of diversity, 301
– sampling, 306
West Australian Basin (Indian Ocean), 220
West Spitsbergen Current, 243
West Wind Drift, 48
western boundary currents, 181, 222, 223
Western Boundary Undercurrent (Atlantic Ocean), 123, 130
Western Mediterraean Deep Water (Mediterranean Sea), 264
Western Tropical Atlantic, 119
Wetar Basin (Indonesia), 272
whales (see also Cetacea in Systematic Index)
– blue whales, 282
– carcasses, 18, 19, 86, 192, 196, 282, 354, 355
– – as bait, 358
– – clams, 90
– – cold seeps, 475
– – dispersal of hydrothermal-vent faunas, 475
– – observed macrofaunal response, 358
– – scavengers, 355, 475
– – smothering of sediment, 358
– – species distribution, 89
– – sulphide concentrations, 90
– falls, 475
– fin whales, 282
– skeletons, 355
Wharton Basin (Indian Ocean)
– bottom currents, 225
– sediments, 225
wide-angle survey photography (WASP), 155
Wilmington Canyon (Atlantic Ocean), 128
wind-mixed layer, 41, 49, 67, 68
– definition, 41
Windward Passage (Caribbean Sea), 269, 270
winter cooling, 115
winter mixing, 318
– depth of, 322
GENERAL INDEX
vertical migration (cont’d)
– seasonal, 59, 60, 445
vertical mixing, 340, 451
very fine particles in vertical flux, 320
vesicomyids, 88, 90, 94, 95, 97, 98, 412
vestimentiferans (see also Vestimentifera in Systematic Index)
– colonization of external surfaces, 88
– Gulf of Mexico, 285
– in reducing environments, 81, 86, 95–97
– lamellibrachiid, 90
– longevity, 99
– Riftia pachyptila, 88, 94, 96, 98, 99, 383–385, 387, 416
– seeps, 89
– sulphide absorption, 94
– symbiosis, 94
Virginia currents (Atlantic ocean), 129
visual predation, 74
vitellogenesis, 382, 384, 389, 395, 398, 409
volcanic activity, 277
volcanic disturbances, 327
volcanic processes, 118
Volcano 7 (Pacific Ocean), 180, 189, 198, 230
Vøring Plateau (Atlantic Ocean), 122, 132, 133, 428
– biomass, 142
– densities, 142
vorticity, 51
Wallace’s Line, 273, 286
Walvis Bay (Atlantic Ocean), 153, 230
– densities, 153
– diversity, 153
warm-core rings associated with Gulf Stream, 123
WASP (wide-angle survey photography), 155
waste
– invisible, 427
– visible, 427
waste containers, 436
waste disposal, 3, 427–446, 458, 475
– carbon dioxide, 444–446, 476
– – effects on fauna, 445
– dredge spoil, 3, 441–444
– dumping, 432
– – contained, 441
– – uncontained, 441, 442
– lost containers, 432
– munitions, 433–435
– – chemical weapons, 434
– – disintegration, 434
– – investigation of dump sites, 434, 435
– – mustard gas, 434
– NEA dump sites, 439
– nuclear waste, 435–440
– – investigation of dump sites, 439
– – nuclear-powered submarines, 439
– offshore installations, 435
– – Brent Spar, 435, 476
– pharmaceuticals, 3
– radioactive waste, 3, 435, 436, 438, 476
– secret, 432
– sewage sludge, 432, 435, 440–444
– – investigation of dump sites, 440, 441
– submarine cables, 446
– use of deep sea as repository, 431
waste storage, 427, 433
waste treatment, 433
water
– mixing, 315
– physicochemical properties, 40–45
– – pH, 40
– turbulence, 319
water-column stability, 119
water masses, 40, 42
– development over geological time, 61
– subpolar, 428
– turbid bottom layers, 431
Weber Deep (Indonesian Seas), 272, 274
Weddell Gyre Boundary, 181
Weddell Sea Bottom Water, 42, 116, 429
Weddell Sea (Southern Ocean), 116, 182, 249, 251, 367
– contamination by chlorofluorocarbons, 429
– crustacean reproduction, 390
– foraminiferans, 301, 307
– poleward decreases of diversity, 301
– sampling, 306
West Australian Basin (Indian Ocean), 220
West Spitsbergen Current, 243
West Wind Drift, 48
western boundary currents, 181, 222, 223
Western Boundary Undercurrent (Atlantic Ocean), 123, 130
Western Mediterraean Deep Water (Mediterranean Sea), 264
Western Tropical Atlantic, 119
Wetar Basin (Indonesia), 272
whales (see also Cetacea in Systematic Index)
– blue whales, 282
– carcasses, 18, 19, 86, 192, 196, 282, 354, 355
– – as bait, 358
– – clams, 90
– – cold seeps, 475
– – dispersal of hydrothermal-vent faunas, 475
– – observed macrofaunal response, 358
– – scavengers, 355, 475
– – smothering of sediment, 358
– – species distribution, 89
– – sulphide concentrations, 90
– falls, 475
– fin whales, 282
– skeletons, 355
Wharton Basin (Indian Ocean)
– bottom currents, 225
– sediments, 225
wide-angle survey photography (WASP), 155
Wilmington Canyon (Atlantic Ocean), 128
wind-mixed layer, 41, 49, 67, 68
– definition, 41
Windward Passage (Caribbean Sea), 269, 270
winter cooling, 115
winter mixing, 318
– depth of, 322