536
GENERAL INDEX
food supply (cont’d)
– plant remains, 284, 354
– – responses to, 354
– pulses, 123
– r/K-selection, 407
– Sargassum, 354
food-web relationships, 361
food webs, 68–70, 316, 347, 358, 360–363
– analysis, 361
– density of links, 360
– destabilizing effect of complexity, 361
– energy flows, 360
– mapping, 360
– modelling, 361, 362
– – carbon transfer between functional groups, 362
– – categorizing functional groups, 361
– – fish stock management, 361
– – flow network, 362
– – inverse analysis, 362
– planktonic, 362
– resilience to species depletion, 361
– stable isotope analysis, 361
– structure, 361
– taxonomic resolution, 361
– tracking trophic links, 361
foraging, 332, 339, 353
– giant amphipods, 356
– radius, 339
– strategies, 343, 345, 366
– – efficiency of sea-bed sweeping, 346
– – interpretation from time-lapse photography, 345
– – sit-and-wait, 356
foraminiferal oozes, 118
foraminiferans (see also Foraminifera in Systematic Index)
– as colonizers, 338
– Atlantic Ocean, 125, 130
– – Cape Hatteras, 129
– – densities, 151
– – Iberian margin, 139
– – Nares Abyssal Plain, 131
– – North Carolina slope, 128
– – Northwest African margin, 141
– – Norwegian–Greenland Sea, 133
– – Porcupine Seabight, 136
– deep-sea soft-bottom taxa, 27
– distribution, 25
– diversity
– – effects of latitude, 301
– – over time, 307
– – temporal patterns, 306
– effects of mining, 453
– effects of temperature changes, 10
– feeding on microalgae, 338
– habitat structures, 10
– interface feeders, 342
– Kenya margin (Indian Ocean), 227
– manganese-nodule habitats, 27, 28
– mass extinction, 305
– mucus-web feeding, 54
– oxygen minimum zone, 231
– particle production, 9
– reduced-oxygen tolerance, 8
– suspension feeders, 20, 21, 28
– transparency, 55
– vertical distribution, 136
fossil fuel, 313
Fram (Amundsen) Basin (Arctic Ocean), 240
– depth, 48
– sediments, 244
Fram Strait (Arctic Ocean), 240, 429
f-ratio, 72
free fatty acids, 347
free vehicles, 154
freezing point, 42
friction velocity, 328
fruits, 353, 354
funding, 433
fungal microflora (see also yeasts), 137
– on organic particles, 338
Galapagos Rift (Ridge, Rise) (East Pacific), 2, 391
– hydrothermal vents
– – clams, 407
– – discovery, 473
– – location, 82
Galathea, see exploration
gametogenesis, 409
– cnidarians, 402, 403
– crustaceans, 389–394
– echinoderms, 398–401
– environmental control, 409, 410
– molluscs, 395
– polychaetes, 382–385
Ganges River, 179, 220, 225, 234
Garden Banks (Gulf of Mexico), 285
– chemosynthetically-supported species, 286
gas as a resource, 455
gas exchange, 43
gas hydrates, 286, 476
gastropods (see also Gastropoda in Systematic Index)
– abundance, 22
– archaeogastropods, 395, 397
– Arctic Ocean, 246
– Atlantic Ocean, 298
– – effects of depth, 299
– benthopelagic zone, 59
– Brine Pool (Gulf of Mexico), 286
– buoyancy, 73
– changes with depth, 22, 24
– colonizers, 165
– competition, 26
– depth-related diversity patterns, 299
– diversity
– – effects of latitude, 246, 247, 302
– – poleward decreases, 301
– effects of contamination, 430
– effects of depth on development, 396
– hydrothermal vents, 98
GENERAL INDEX
food supply (cont’d)
– plant remains, 284, 354
– – responses to, 354
– pulses, 123
– r/K-selection, 407
– Sargassum, 354
food-web relationships, 361
food webs, 68–70, 316, 347, 358, 360–363
– analysis, 361
– density of links, 360
– destabilizing effect of complexity, 361
– energy flows, 360
– mapping, 360
– modelling, 361, 362
– – carbon transfer between functional groups, 362
– – categorizing functional groups, 361
– – fish stock management, 361
– – flow network, 362
– – inverse analysis, 362
– planktonic, 362
– resilience to species depletion, 361
– stable isotope analysis, 361
– structure, 361
– taxonomic resolution, 361
– tracking trophic links, 361
foraging, 332, 339, 353
– giant amphipods, 356
– radius, 339
– strategies, 343, 345, 366
– – efficiency of sea-bed sweeping, 346
– – interpretation from time-lapse photography, 345
– – sit-and-wait, 356
foraminiferal oozes, 118
foraminiferans (see also Foraminifera in Systematic Index)
– as colonizers, 338
– Atlantic Ocean, 125, 130
– – Cape Hatteras, 129
– – densities, 151
– – Iberian margin, 139
– – Nares Abyssal Plain, 131
– – North Carolina slope, 128
– – Northwest African margin, 141
– – Norwegian–Greenland Sea, 133
– – Porcupine Seabight, 136
– deep-sea soft-bottom taxa, 27
– distribution, 25
– diversity
– – effects of latitude, 301
– – over time, 307
– – temporal patterns, 306
– effects of mining, 453
– effects of temperature changes, 10
– feeding on microalgae, 338
– habitat structures, 10
– interface feeders, 342
– Kenya margin (Indian Ocean), 227
– manganese-nodule habitats, 27, 28
– mass extinction, 305
– mucus-web feeding, 54
– oxygen minimum zone, 231
– particle production, 9
– reduced-oxygen tolerance, 8
– suspension feeders, 20, 21, 28
– transparency, 55
– vertical distribution, 136
fossil fuel, 313
Fram (Amundsen) Basin (Arctic Ocean), 240
– depth, 48
– sediments, 244
Fram Strait (Arctic Ocean), 240, 429
f-ratio, 72
free fatty acids, 347
free vehicles, 154
freezing point, 42
friction velocity, 328
fruits, 353, 354
funding, 433
fungal microflora (see also yeasts), 137
– on organic particles, 338
Galapagos Rift (Ridge, Rise) (East Pacific), 2, 391
– hydrothermal vents
– – clams, 407
– – discovery, 473
– – location, 82
Galathea, see exploration
gametogenesis, 409
– cnidarians, 402, 403
– crustaceans, 389–394
– echinoderms, 398–401
– environmental control, 409, 410
– molluscs, 395
– polychaetes, 382–385
Ganges River, 179, 220, 225, 234
Garden Banks (Gulf of Mexico), 285
– chemosynthetically-supported species, 286
gas as a resource, 455
gas exchange, 43
gas hydrates, 286, 476
gastropods (see also Gastropoda in Systematic Index)
– abundance, 22
– archaeogastropods, 395, 397
– Arctic Ocean, 246
– Atlantic Ocean, 298
– – effects of depth, 299
– benthopelagic zone, 59
– Brine Pool (Gulf of Mexico), 286
– buoyancy, 73
– changes with depth, 22, 24
– colonizers, 165
– competition, 26
– depth-related diversity patterns, 299
– diversity
– – effects of latitude, 246, 247, 302
– – poleward decreases, 301
– effects of contamination, 430
– effects of depth on development, 396
– hydrothermal vents, 98