534
GENERAL INDEX
evolutionary history – Southern Ocean (cont’d)
– – climate change, 254–256
experiments, in the deep sea, 440, 474, 475
– carbon dioxide, 445
– in situ, 443
– landers, 474
– large-scale, 427, 433, 443
– monitoring, 444
exploitation of deep-sea resources, 2, 3, 446, 458–460, 475, 476
exploration, 458, 473, 474
– Albert I of Monaco, 112
– Atlantic Ocean, 112, 113
– – DSV Alvin, 154, 314
– – HMS Challenger, 119
– – HMS Lightning, 239
– – HMS Porcupine, 239
– – Institut f¨ ur Hydrobiologie und Fischereiwissenschaft, 139
– – Institute of Oceanographic Sciences (Wormley), 139
– – L’Hirondelle, 151
– – Sanders and Hessler, 124
– Atlantis, 267
– Bay of Biscay
– – Travailleur and Talisman campaigns, 138
– Blake cruises, 353
– Forbes, Edward, 1
– Galathea expedition, 1, 219, 274, 286, 353, 354, 389, 473
– Hessler, Robert, 2, 113, 124, 474
– history, 1, 2
– HMS Challenger, 1, 112, 119, 179, 219, 239, 261, 274, 286,
313, 353, 381, 394, 403, 473
– – manganese nodules and crusts, 446
– HMS Lightning, 239, 313
– HMS Porcupine, 1, 239, 313, 473
– Indian Ocean
– – Albatross expedition, 219
– – Galathea expedition, 219
– – HMS Challenger, 219
– – International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE), 219
– – John Murray Expedition, 219
– – Valdivia expedition, 219
– – Vityaz expedition, 219
– Indonesian Seas
– – Naga expedition, 286
– – Siboga expedition, 286
– – Snellius expedition, 286
– Mediterranean Sea
– – Talisman, 112, 154
– Moseley, H.N., 381, 403, 409
– Pola, 283
– polar deep seas, 239, 240
– – HMS Erebus, 239
– – HMS Terror, 239
– – Ingolf , 245
– – James Clark Ross, 239
– – John Ross, 239
– – Joseph Hooker, 239
– – Polarstern, 240, 245
– – Sadko, 244
– – Sedov, 244
– – USNS Eltanin, 240, 252, 253
– Red Sea
– – Pola expedition, 283
– Russian work, 313, 316
– Sanders, Howard, 2, 113, 124, 474
– Sars, G.O., 1
– Sars, Michael, 1
– Southern Ocean
– – Deutsche S¨ udpolar-Expedition, 252
– – Discovery, 252
– – USNS Eltanin, 252, 253
– Talisman expedition, 112, 138, 154
– technology, 2
– Travailleur expedition, 112, 138
– US Albatross, 284
– Wyville Thomson, Charles, 1
export flux, 318
export production, 70
extinction, by smothering, 315
eyes, 56–58, 74, 97, 254
F-12 (dichlorofluoromethane), 429
F-11 (trichlorofluoromethane), 429
f-ratio, 50
facies, 223
faecal mounds, 186, 201
faecal pellets, 121, 122, 132, 316, 318–320, 323, 328, 332, 346
– composition, 320
– copepods, 320
– from salps and pteropods, 320, 325
– hoarding, 352
– sinking rates, 320
faeces, 318, 338, 346, 358
fallout events, 428, 430
Faroe Bank Channel, 115
Faroe–Iceland Ridge (Atlantic Ocean), 115
fatty acids, 100
– poly-unsaturated, 324
fauna in reducing environments, 95–98
– bivalves, 97
– common links, 95
– shrimps, 97, 98
– vestimentiferans, 95–97
feather stars (Comatulidae), 28, 286
fecundity, 406, 407
– and egg size, 412–414
– cnidarians, 403
– crabs, 394
– crustaceans, 393
– echinoderms, 398
– effects of depth, 398
– effects of food supply, 410
– molluscs, 395
– polychaetes, 385
– squat lobsters, 393
feeding appendages, 342
feeding methods, 339
– flexibility, 339
feeding palps, 345
GENERAL INDEX
evolutionary history – Southern Ocean (cont’d)
– – climate change, 254–256
experiments, in the deep sea, 440, 474, 475
– carbon dioxide, 445
– in situ, 443
– landers, 474
– large-scale, 427, 433, 443
– monitoring, 444
exploitation of deep-sea resources, 2, 3, 446, 458–460, 475, 476
exploration, 458, 473, 474
– Albert I of Monaco, 112
– Atlantic Ocean, 112, 113
– – DSV Alvin, 154, 314
– – HMS Challenger, 119
– – HMS Lightning, 239
– – HMS Porcupine, 239
– – Institut f¨ ur Hydrobiologie und Fischereiwissenschaft, 139
– – Institute of Oceanographic Sciences (Wormley), 139
– – L’Hirondelle, 151
– – Sanders and Hessler, 124
– Atlantis, 267
– Bay of Biscay
– – Travailleur and Talisman campaigns, 138
– Blake cruises, 353
– Forbes, Edward, 1
– Galathea expedition, 1, 219, 274, 286, 353, 354, 389, 473
– Hessler, Robert, 2, 113, 124, 474
– history, 1, 2
– HMS Challenger, 1, 112, 119, 179, 219, 239, 261, 274, 286,
313, 353, 381, 394, 403, 473
– – manganese nodules and crusts, 446
– HMS Lightning, 239, 313
– HMS Porcupine, 1, 239, 313, 473
– Indian Ocean
– – Albatross expedition, 219
– – Galathea expedition, 219
– – HMS Challenger, 219
– – International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE), 219
– – John Murray Expedition, 219
– – Valdivia expedition, 219
– – Vityaz expedition, 219
– Indonesian Seas
– – Naga expedition, 286
– – Siboga expedition, 286
– – Snellius expedition, 286
– Mediterranean Sea
– – Talisman, 112, 154
– Moseley, H.N., 381, 403, 409
– Pola, 283
– polar deep seas, 239, 240
– – HMS Erebus, 239
– – HMS Terror, 239
– – Ingolf , 245
– – James Clark Ross, 239
– – John Ross, 239
– – Joseph Hooker, 239
– – Polarstern, 240, 245
– – Sadko, 244
– – Sedov, 244
– – USNS Eltanin, 240, 252, 253
– Red Sea
– – Pola expedition, 283
– Russian work, 313, 316
– Sanders, Howard, 2, 113, 124, 474
– Sars, G.O., 1
– Sars, Michael, 1
– Southern Ocean
– – Deutsche S¨ udpolar-Expedition, 252
– – Discovery, 252
– – USNS Eltanin, 252, 253
– Talisman expedition, 112, 138, 154
– technology, 2
– Travailleur expedition, 112, 138
– US Albatross, 284
– Wyville Thomson, Charles, 1
export flux, 318
export production, 70
extinction, by smothering, 315
eyes, 56–58, 74, 97, 254
F-12 (dichlorofluoromethane), 429
F-11 (trichlorofluoromethane), 429
f-ratio, 50
facies, 223
faecal mounds, 186, 201
faecal pellets, 121, 122, 132, 316, 318–320, 323, 328, 332, 346
– composition, 320
– copepods, 320
– from salps and pteropods, 320, 325
– hoarding, 352
– sinking rates, 320
faeces, 318, 338, 346, 358
fallout events, 428, 430
Faroe Bank Channel, 115
Faroe–Iceland Ridge (Atlantic Ocean), 115
fatty acids, 100
– poly-unsaturated, 324
fauna in reducing environments, 95–98
– bivalves, 97
– common links, 95
– shrimps, 97, 98
– vestimentiferans, 95–97
feather stars (Comatulidae), 28, 286
fecundity, 406, 407
– and egg size, 412–414
– cnidarians, 403
– crabs, 394
– crustaceans, 393
– echinoderms, 398
– effects of depth, 398
– effects of food supply, 410
– molluscs, 395
– polychaetes, 385
– squat lobsters, 393
feeding appendages, 342
feeding methods, 339
– flexibility, 339
feeding palps, 345