GENERAL INDEX
533
– gigantism, 400
– larvae, 402
– Pacific Ocean, 186
– pairing, 411
– phytodetritus as food source, 123
– rates of movement, 150
– reproduction, 398–402, 410, 413
– reproductive periodicity, 410
– seasonal reproduction, 409
– seasonality, 134
– sperm, 398, 411
echinoids, see sea urchins
echinopluteus, 402
echiurans, 12
– behaviour, 150
– burrows, 155
– feeding traces, 345
– Indian Ocean, abyssal zones, 233
– motile deposit feeders, 18
– reproduction, 403
echolocation, 45
ecological domains, 119
ecosystems complexity, 360
eddies, 47, 51, 67
– kinetic energy, 2, 410
– lateral diffusion, 326
– vertical diffusion, 327
eelpouts (Zoarcidae), 100, 112, 287
– Atlantic Ocean, 130
– Cape Hatteras, 129
eels, 156
– Atlantic Ocean, 125
– transparent larvae, 55
EEZ (Exclusive Economic Zones), 435, 458, 460
egg flotation, 387, 402, 404, 414
egg size, 407, 409, 412–414
– cnidarians, 381
– development mode, 387
– echinoderms, 381, 413
– effects of depth, 412, 413
– isopods, 388, 393
– polychaetes, 385
– relation to depth, 394
eggs
– crabs, 388
– crustaceans, 329
Ekman corers, 14
Ekman transport, 221
El Ni˜ no Southern Oscillation (ENSO), 42, 65, 203, 205, 274, 326
electron-transport-system activity (ETSA), 122, 158, 333
embryology
– and development mode, 386, 397
– carideans, 394
– decapods, 394
– developmental mode, 413, 414
– peracarids, 394
endemism
– Arctic Ocean, 246, 247
– Atlantic Ocean, 112, 131
ENEA (European Nuclear Energy Agency), 436
energetics
– energy-conserving strategies, 29
– energy flow, 316, 350, 360
– – models, 361, 362
– – – quantification, 363, 364
– energy loss along midwater food chain, 317
– energy partitioning, 432
– energy transfer efficiency, 360
English Channel, 428
enteropneusts, 132
– burrows, 133
– deposit feeders, 347
– reproduction, 404
environmental impact assessment, 433, 439, 441, 446, 452
environmental sensitivities, 316
enzyme profiles, 345
enzymic activity, 336
epibenthic feeders, 281
epibenthic sledge, 121, 124, 134, 135, 138, 140, 155, 296, 297,
299, 300
epidote, 272
epifauna, 113, 132, 339
epipelagic zone
– characteristics, 54, 55
– primary production, 54
– species distribution, 55
episodic events, 315
EqPac Transect (Pacific Ocean), 200
Equatorial Countercurrent (Indian Ocean), 220
erosion, 125, 128
erosion chamber, 331
erosion/deposition cycles, 342
Esso, in disposal of Brent Spar, 435
EUMELI project (Atlantic Ocean), 140, 141, 157, 158
– biomass, 146
– bioturbation, 162, 163
– faunal densities, 146
euphausiids, 54, 60, 61, 68, 254, 320, 323
euphotic zone, 49, 50, 54, 69, 119, 314, 318–320, 323, 359, 365,
451
– biogeochemistry of, 318
Eurasia Basin (Arctic Ocean)
– species richness, 245
European Nuclear Energy Agency (ENEA), 436
European Ocean Margin Exchanges programme (OMEX), 328
Eurythenes gryllus, see Systematic Index
euspermatozoa, 401
eutrophy, 366
evaporation, 115, 261
– Mediterranean Sea, 263
evolution, 60–64
– barrier, 6–8
evolutionary history, 239
– Arctic Ocean, 247–249
– – glaciation, 249
– – sea-level, 249
– – temperature, 249
– Southern Ocean
533
– gigantism, 400
– larvae, 402
– Pacific Ocean, 186
– pairing, 411
– phytodetritus as food source, 123
– rates of movement, 150
– reproduction, 398–402, 410, 413
– reproductive periodicity, 410
– seasonal reproduction, 409
– seasonality, 134
– sperm, 398, 411
echinoids, see sea urchins
echinopluteus, 402
echiurans, 12
– behaviour, 150
– burrows, 155
– feeding traces, 345
– Indian Ocean, abyssal zones, 233
– motile deposit feeders, 18
– reproduction, 403
echolocation, 45
ecological domains, 119
ecosystems complexity, 360
eddies, 47, 51, 67
– kinetic energy, 2, 410
– lateral diffusion, 326
– vertical diffusion, 327
eelpouts (Zoarcidae), 100, 112, 287
– Atlantic Ocean, 130
– Cape Hatteras, 129
eels, 156
– Atlantic Ocean, 125
– transparent larvae, 55
EEZ (Exclusive Economic Zones), 435, 458, 460
egg flotation, 387, 402, 404, 414
egg size, 407, 409, 412–414
– cnidarians, 381
– development mode, 387
– echinoderms, 381, 413
– effects of depth, 412, 413
– isopods, 388, 393
– polychaetes, 385
– relation to depth, 394
eggs
– crabs, 388
– crustaceans, 329
Ekman corers, 14
Ekman transport, 221
El Ni˜ no Southern Oscillation (ENSO), 42, 65, 203, 205, 274, 326
electron-transport-system activity (ETSA), 122, 158, 333
embryology
– and development mode, 386, 397
– carideans, 394
– decapods, 394
– developmental mode, 413, 414
– peracarids, 394
endemism
– Arctic Ocean, 246, 247
– Atlantic Ocean, 112, 131
ENEA (European Nuclear Energy Agency), 436
energetics
– energy-conserving strategies, 29
– energy flow, 316, 350, 360
– – models, 361, 362
– – – quantification, 363, 364
– energy loss along midwater food chain, 317
– energy partitioning, 432
– energy transfer efficiency, 360
English Channel, 428
enteropneusts, 132
– burrows, 133
– deposit feeders, 347
– reproduction, 404
environmental impact assessment, 433, 439, 441, 446, 452
environmental sensitivities, 316
enzyme profiles, 345
enzymic activity, 336
epibenthic feeders, 281
epibenthic sledge, 121, 124, 134, 135, 138, 140, 155, 296, 297,
299, 300
epidote, 272
epifauna, 113, 132, 339
epipelagic zone
– characteristics, 54, 55
– primary production, 54
– species distribution, 55
episodic events, 315
EqPac Transect (Pacific Ocean), 200
Equatorial Countercurrent (Indian Ocean), 220
erosion, 125, 128
erosion chamber, 331
erosion/deposition cycles, 342
Esso, in disposal of Brent Spar, 435
EUMELI project (Atlantic Ocean), 140, 141, 157, 158
– biomass, 146
– bioturbation, 162, 163
– faunal densities, 146
euphausiids, 54, 60, 61, 68, 254, 320, 323
euphotic zone, 49, 50, 54, 69, 119, 314, 318–320, 323, 359, 365,
451
– biogeochemistry of, 318
Eurasia Basin (Arctic Ocean)
– species richness, 245
European Nuclear Energy Agency (ENEA), 436
European Ocean Margin Exchanges programme (OMEX), 328
Eurythenes gryllus, see Systematic Index
euspermatozoa, 401
eutrophy, 366
evaporation, 115, 261
– Mediterranean Sea, 263
evolution, 60–64
– barrier, 6–8
evolutionary history, 239
– Arctic Ocean, 247–249
– – glaciation, 249
– – sea-level, 249
– – temperature, 249
– Southern Ocean