528
GENERAL INDEX
chloroplastic pigments, 122, 324, 336
chorophyll-a, 324
Chukchi Sea (Arctic Ocean), 240
– primary production, 243
ciliary mechanisms, 341
circulation
– Arctic Ocean, 242
– Atlantic Ocean, 115–117, 123
– Caribbean Sea, 270
– Gulf of Mexico, 271
– Indian Ocean, 219, 220
– Indonesian Seas, 273
– Mediterranean Sea, 263–265
– near-bottom water masses, 113
– Pacific Ocean, 180
– Red Sea, 267, 268
– rings, 65
– Sea of Japan, 275
– Sea of Okhotsk, 276, 277
Circumpolar Current, 115, 116, 221
Circumpolar Deep Water, 73, 250
Circumpolar Water Boundary, 181
cirratulids, 126, 150, 204, 228–230
cladorhizids, 94
clams
– giant vent clam (Calyptogena magnifica), 97, 99, 393
– growth rates, 30, 99
– Louisiana Slope, 90
– r/K-selection, 407
– reducing habitats, 88
– Sagami Bay (Japan), 97, 412
– sulphide absorption, 94
– symbiosis, 94
Clarion–Clipperton Fracture Zone (Pacific Ocean), 200, 204, 452
– predators, 204
Clark I (diphenylarsinechloride), 434
Clark II (diphenylarsinecyanide), 434
clathrates, 445
clay minerals, 118
clays (see also brown clay, red clay), 270, 277
climate change, 119, 255, 256, 304, 444
– paleoclimatic change, 305
cnidarians (see also Cnidaria in Systematic Index)
– Atlantic Ocean
– – Bay of Biscay, 138
– – Goban Spur, 138
– – Porcupine Seabight, 135
– – Rockall Trough, 134
– brooding, 403
– gametogenesis, 402, 403
– larvae, 403
– reproduction, 402, 403
– seasonal reproduction, 409
– sperm, 402
CO 2 , see carbon dioxide
coastal sediments, 343
cobalt-rich crusts, 447
coccolithophores, 121, 122, 324, 325
– absence in the Southern Ocean, 252
– particle production, 9
coccoliths, 122, 270
coconuts, 274
cold-core rings, 123
cold seeps (see also seeps), 2, 179, 284, 405, 473
– crustaceans, 391
– dispersal, 416
– dysoxic environments, 474
– food supply, 416
– Louisiana Slope (Gulf of Mexico), 284, 384, 385
– Mediterranean Sea, 282
– molluscs, 397
– – lecithotrophy, 414
– – reproduction, 395, 396
– polychaetes, 382, 414
– – reproduction, 384, 385, 387
– r/K-selection, 407
– reproduction, 408, 410
– – seasonality, 409
– siboglinids, 411
– species distribution, 386
– whale carcasses, 475
Colombia Basin (Caribbean Sea), 268, 270
colonization
– after sewage sludge dumping, 443
– Arctic Ocean, 248
– Atlantic Ocean, 165
– Mediterranean Sea, 279
– of hard-surface waste, 432
– Southern Ocean, 254
colonization experiments, 405, 407
colour sensitivity of fish, 58
common heritage of mankind, seabed resources as, 458
compensation depth
– aragonite, 118
– calcium carbonate (CCCD), 112, 118, 224
competition, 432
– species distribution, 26
condensation, 429
Congo River, 430
conservation, 427, 458, 460
consolidated massive sulphide, 447
contamination, 427–461
– atmospheric transport, 429
– conscious, 431
– dredge spoil, 441–444
– fallout events, 428
– heavy metals, 441
– hydrocarbons, 441
– indicators, 440
– macrofauna, 440
– non-visible, 427, 428
– organic matter, 440
– radionuclides, 439
– sewage sludge, 440–444
– ship losses, 432
– stable-isotopes, 440
– synthetic organic substances, 441
– transport routes, 429–431
GENERAL INDEX
chloroplastic pigments, 122, 324, 336
chorophyll-a, 324
Chukchi Sea (Arctic Ocean), 240
– primary production, 243
ciliary mechanisms, 341
circulation
– Arctic Ocean, 242
– Atlantic Ocean, 115–117, 123
– Caribbean Sea, 270
– Gulf of Mexico, 271
– Indian Ocean, 219, 220
– Indonesian Seas, 273
– Mediterranean Sea, 263–265
– near-bottom water masses, 113
– Pacific Ocean, 180
– Red Sea, 267, 268
– rings, 65
– Sea of Japan, 275
– Sea of Okhotsk, 276, 277
Circumpolar Current, 115, 116, 221
Circumpolar Deep Water, 73, 250
Circumpolar Water Boundary, 181
cirratulids, 126, 150, 204, 228–230
cladorhizids, 94
clams
– giant vent clam (Calyptogena magnifica), 97, 99, 393
– growth rates, 30, 99
– Louisiana Slope, 90
– r/K-selection, 407
– reducing habitats, 88
– Sagami Bay (Japan), 97, 412
– sulphide absorption, 94
– symbiosis, 94
Clarion–Clipperton Fracture Zone (Pacific Ocean), 200, 204, 452
– predators, 204
Clark I (diphenylarsinechloride), 434
Clark II (diphenylarsinecyanide), 434
clathrates, 445
clay minerals, 118
clays (see also brown clay, red clay), 270, 277
climate change, 119, 255, 256, 304, 444
– paleoclimatic change, 305
cnidarians (see also Cnidaria in Systematic Index)
– Atlantic Ocean
– – Bay of Biscay, 138
– – Goban Spur, 138
– – Porcupine Seabight, 135
– – Rockall Trough, 134
– brooding, 403
– gametogenesis, 402, 403
– larvae, 403
– reproduction, 402, 403
– seasonal reproduction, 409
– sperm, 402
CO 2 , see carbon dioxide
coastal sediments, 343
cobalt-rich crusts, 447
coccolithophores, 121, 122, 324, 325
– absence in the Southern Ocean, 252
– particle production, 9
coccoliths, 122, 270
coconuts, 274
cold-core rings, 123
cold seeps (see also seeps), 2, 179, 284, 405, 473
– crustaceans, 391
– dispersal, 416
– dysoxic environments, 474
– food supply, 416
– Louisiana Slope (Gulf of Mexico), 284, 384, 385
– Mediterranean Sea, 282
– molluscs, 397
– – lecithotrophy, 414
– – reproduction, 395, 396
– polychaetes, 382, 414
– – reproduction, 384, 385, 387
– r/K-selection, 407
– reproduction, 408, 410
– – seasonality, 409
– siboglinids, 411
– species distribution, 386
– whale carcasses, 475
Colombia Basin (Caribbean Sea), 268, 270
colonization
– after sewage sludge dumping, 443
– Arctic Ocean, 248
– Atlantic Ocean, 165
– Mediterranean Sea, 279
– of hard-surface waste, 432
– Southern Ocean, 254
colonization experiments, 405, 407
colour sensitivity of fish, 58
common heritage of mankind, seabed resources as, 458
compensation depth
– aragonite, 118
– calcium carbonate (CCCD), 112, 118, 224
competition, 432
– species distribution, 26
condensation, 429
Congo River, 430
conservation, 427, 458, 460
consolidated massive sulphide, 447
contamination, 427–461
– atmospheric transport, 429
– conscious, 431
– dredge spoil, 441–444
– fallout events, 428
– heavy metals, 441
– hydrocarbons, 441
– indicators, 440
– macrofauna, 440
– non-visible, 427, 428
– organic matter, 440
– radionuclides, 439
– sewage sludge, 440–444
– ship losses, 432
– stable-isotopes, 440
– synthetic organic substances, 441
– transport routes, 429–431