ANTHROPOGENIC IMPACTS ON THE DEEP SEA
463
E.E. Davis, A.T. Fisher and J.F. Slack (Editors), Proceedings of
the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, Vol. 139. Ocean
Drilling Program, College Station, Texas, pp. 373–380.
Edmond, J.M., 1984. The geochemistry of ridge crest hot springs.
Oceanus, 27: 15−19.
Engelmann, H.E., 1978. Vertical hydraulic lifting of largesize particles – a contribution to marine mining. In:
Proceedings of the Offshore Technology Conference, Houston,
Texas, OTC Paper 3138, Vol. 2. Society for Mining, Metallurgy
and Exploration, Richardson, TX, pp. 731–740.
Environmental Evaluation Unit, 1996. Impacts of Deep Sea Diamond
Mining, in the Atlantic Mining Licence Area in Namibia, on the
Natural Systems of the Marine Environment. EEU Report No. 11/
96/158, University of Cape Town. Prepared for De Beers Marine
(Pty) Ltd., 370 pp.
Erlenkeuser, H. and Balzer, W., 1988. Rapid appearance of Chernobyl
radiocesium in the deep Norwegian Sea sediments. Oceanol. Acta,
11: 101−106.
Fahrbach, E. and Meincke, J., 1982. High-frequency velocity
fluctuations on a steep continental slope. Rapp. P. V. Reun. Cons.
Int. Explor. Mer, 180: 76−77.
Fanger, H.U. and Pepelnik, R., 1979. Nuclear measuring techniques
in the mining of ore sludge in the Red Sea. Mar. Technol., 10:
189−195.
Feldt, W., Kanisch, G., Kanisch, M. and Vobach, M., 1985.
Radioecological studies of sites in the Northeast Atlantic used for
dumping of low-level radioactive wastes – results of the research
cruises of FRV “Walther Herwig” 1980–1984. Arch. Fischereiwiss.,
35: 91−195.
Feldt, W., Kanisch, G. and Vobach, M., 1989. Deep-sea biota
of the Northeast Atlantic and their radioactivity. In: Interim
Oceanographic Description of the Northeast Atlantic Site for the
Disposal of Low-Level Radioactive Waste, Vol. 3. OECD Nuclear
Energy Agency, Paris, pp. 178–204.
Fellerer, R., 1980. Manganknollen. Geol. Jahrb., D 38: 35−76.
Fiala, G., Woese, C.R., Langworthy, T.A. and Stetter, K.O., 1990.
Flexistipes sinusarabici, a novel genus and species of eubacteria
occurring in the Atlantis II Deep brines of the Red Sea. Arch.
Microbiol., 154: 120−126.
Fischer, R.C., Kr¨ amer, W. and Ballschmiter, K.H., 1991.
Hexachlorocyclohexane isomers as markers in the water flow of
the Atlantic Ocean. Chemosphere, 23: 889−900.
Fishing News, 2000. Roughy bonanza in Indian Ocean. Fish. News
Int., 39: 1−3.
Flegal, A.R. and Patterson, C.C., 1983. Vertical concentration profiles
in lead in the Central Pacific at 15ºN and 20ºS. Earth Planet. Sci.
Lett., 64: 19−32.
Foell, E.J., Bluhm, H., Borowski, C., Thiel, H., Ahnert, A. and
Schriever, G., 1997. German environmental risk assessments
in the Southeastern Pacific Peru Basin, DISCOL revisited. In:
Proceedings of the Offshore Technology Conference, Houston,
Texas, OTC Paper 8345. Society for Mining, Metallurgy and
Exploration, Richardson, TX, pp. 549–566.
Fohrmann, H., 1996. Sedimente in Bodengebundenen Dichtestr¨ omungen: Numerische Fallstudien. Dissertation Universit¨ at
Hamburg, Fachbereich Geowissenschaften, 106 pp.
Fossa, J.H., Mortensen, P.B. and Furevik, D.M., 2000. LopheliaKorallrev langs norskekysten forekomst og tilstand. Fisken Havet,
2: 1−94.
Francheteau, J., Needham, H.D., Choukroune, P., Juteau, T.,
Seguret, M., Ballard, R.D., Fox, P.J., Normark, W., Carranza, A.,
Cordoba, D., Guerrero, J., Rangin, C., Bougault, H., Cambon, P.
and Hekinian, R., 1979. Massive sulphide ore deposits discovered
on the East Pacific Rise. Nature London, 277 (5697): 523−528.
Freiwald, A. and Wilson, J.B.S., 1998. Taphonomy of modern deep,
cold-temperature water coral reefs. Hist. Biol., 13: 37−52.
Fry, V.A. and Butman, B., 1991. Estimates of the seafloor area
impacted by sewage sludge dumped at the 106-Mile Site in the
Mid-Atlantic Bight. Mar. Environ. Res., 31: 145−160.
Galil, B.S., Golik, A. and T¨ urkay, M., 1995. Litter at the bottom
of the sea: a sea bed survey in the Eastern Mediterranean. Mar.
Pollut. Bull., 30: 22−24.
Garnett, R.H.T., 1995. Offshore diamond mining in Southern Africa.
In: Proceedings of the Offshore Technology Conference, Houston,
Texas, OTC Paper 7643, Vol. 1. Society for Mining, Metallurgy
and Exploration, Richardson, TX, pp. 71–86.
Garnett, R.H.T., 1996. Marine dredging for gold, offshore Alaska.
In: Proceedings of the Offshore Technology Conference, Houston,
Texas, OTC Paper 8008. Society for Mining, Metallurgy and
Exploration, Richardson, TX, pp. 455–463.
Garnett, R.H.T. and Ellis, D.V., 1995. Tailings disposal at a marine
placer mining operation by WestGold, Alaska. Mar. Geores.
Geotechnol., 13: 41−57.
Gas Technology Information, 2000. International Centre for
Gas Technology Information, Gitonline: www.gtionline.org,
www.hydrate.org.
Geminder, R. and Lecourt Jr., E.J., 1972. Deep ocean mining system
tested. World Dredging Mar. Constr., 8: 35−38.
GESAMP, 1990. The State of the Marine Environment. UNEP
Regional Seas Reports and Studies, 115 pp.
Goldberg, E.D., 1995. Emerging problems in the coastal zone for the
twenty-first century. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 31: 152−158.
Golik, A., Weber, K., Salihoglu, I., Yilmaz, A. and Loizides, L.,
1988. Pelagic tar in the Mediterranean Sea. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 19:
567−572.
Grassle, J.F., 1991. Affects of sewage sludge on deep-sea communities
(abstr.). EOS, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, 72: 1−84.
Gulin, S.B., Aarkrog, A., Polikarpov, G.G., Nielsen, S.P. and Egorov,
V.N., 1997. Chronological study of 137 Cs input to the Black Sea
deep and shelf sediments. Radioprotection Colloq., 32: 257−262.
Guney, M., Nawab, Z. and Marhoun, M.A., 1984. Alantis-II-Deep
metal reserves and their evaluation. In: Proceedings of the Offshore
Technology Conference, Houston, Texas, OTC Paper 4780, Vol. 3.
Society for Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration, Richardson, TX,
pp. 33–44.
Halbach, P. and Manheim, F.T., 1984. Potential of cobalt and other
metals in ferromanganese crusts on seamounts of the Central
Pacific Basin. Mar. Min., 4: 319−335.
Halbach, P., Friedrich, G. and von Stackelberg, U. (Editors), 1988.
The Manganese Nodule Belt of the Pacific Ocean: Geological
Environment, Nodule Formation, and Mining Aspects. F. Enke
Verlag, Stuttgart, 254 pp.
Halbach, P., Sattler, C.D., Teichmann, F. and Wahsner, M., 1989a.
Cobalt-rich and platinum-bearing manganese crust deposits on
seamounts: nature, formation and metal potential. Mar. Min., 8:
23−39.
Halbach, P., Nakamura, K., Wahsner, M., Lange, J., Sakai, H.,
Kaselitz, L., Hansen, R.D., Yamano, M., Post, J., Prause, B.,
463
E.E. Davis, A.T. Fisher and J.F. Slack (Editors), Proceedings of
the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, Vol. 139. Ocean
Drilling Program, College Station, Texas, pp. 373–380.
Edmond, J.M., 1984. The geochemistry of ridge crest hot springs.
Oceanus, 27: 15−19.
Engelmann, H.E., 1978. Vertical hydraulic lifting of largesize particles – a contribution to marine mining. In:
Proceedings of the Offshore Technology Conference, Houston,
Texas, OTC Paper 3138, Vol. 2. Society for Mining, Metallurgy
and Exploration, Richardson, TX, pp. 731–740.
Environmental Evaluation Unit, 1996. Impacts of Deep Sea Diamond
Mining, in the Atlantic Mining Licence Area in Namibia, on the
Natural Systems of the Marine Environment. EEU Report No. 11/
96/158, University of Cape Town. Prepared for De Beers Marine
(Pty) Ltd., 370 pp.
Erlenkeuser, H. and Balzer, W., 1988. Rapid appearance of Chernobyl
radiocesium in the deep Norwegian Sea sediments. Oceanol. Acta,
11: 101−106.
Fahrbach, E. and Meincke, J., 1982. High-frequency velocity
fluctuations on a steep continental slope. Rapp. P. V. Reun. Cons.
Int. Explor. Mer, 180: 76−77.
Fanger, H.U. and Pepelnik, R., 1979. Nuclear measuring techniques
in the mining of ore sludge in the Red Sea. Mar. Technol., 10:
189−195.
Feldt, W., Kanisch, G., Kanisch, M. and Vobach, M., 1985.
Radioecological studies of sites in the Northeast Atlantic used for
dumping of low-level radioactive wastes – results of the research
cruises of FRV “Walther Herwig” 1980–1984. Arch. Fischereiwiss.,
35: 91−195.
Feldt, W., Kanisch, G. and Vobach, M., 1989. Deep-sea biota
of the Northeast Atlantic and their radioactivity. In: Interim
Oceanographic Description of the Northeast Atlantic Site for the
Disposal of Low-Level Radioactive Waste, Vol. 3. OECD Nuclear
Energy Agency, Paris, pp. 178–204.
Fellerer, R., 1980. Manganknollen. Geol. Jahrb., D 38: 35−76.
Fiala, G., Woese, C.R., Langworthy, T.A. and Stetter, K.O., 1990.
Flexistipes sinusarabici, a novel genus and species of eubacteria
occurring in the Atlantis II Deep brines of the Red Sea. Arch.
Microbiol., 154: 120−126.
Fischer, R.C., Kr¨ amer, W. and Ballschmiter, K.H., 1991.
Hexachlorocyclohexane isomers as markers in the water flow of
the Atlantic Ocean. Chemosphere, 23: 889−900.
Fishing News, 2000. Roughy bonanza in Indian Ocean. Fish. News
Int., 39: 1−3.
Flegal, A.R. and Patterson, C.C., 1983. Vertical concentration profiles
in lead in the Central Pacific at 15ºN and 20ºS. Earth Planet. Sci.
Lett., 64: 19−32.
Foell, E.J., Bluhm, H., Borowski, C., Thiel, H., Ahnert, A. and
Schriever, G., 1997. German environmental risk assessments
in the Southeastern Pacific Peru Basin, DISCOL revisited. In:
Proceedings of the Offshore Technology Conference, Houston,
Texas, OTC Paper 8345. Society for Mining, Metallurgy and
Exploration, Richardson, TX, pp. 549–566.
Fohrmann, H., 1996. Sedimente in Bodengebundenen Dichtestr¨ omungen: Numerische Fallstudien. Dissertation Universit¨ at
Hamburg, Fachbereich Geowissenschaften, 106 pp.
Fossa, J.H., Mortensen, P.B. and Furevik, D.M., 2000. LopheliaKorallrev langs norskekysten forekomst og tilstand. Fisken Havet,
2: 1−94.
Francheteau, J., Needham, H.D., Choukroune, P., Juteau, T.,
Seguret, M., Ballard, R.D., Fox, P.J., Normark, W., Carranza, A.,
Cordoba, D., Guerrero, J., Rangin, C., Bougault, H., Cambon, P.
and Hekinian, R., 1979. Massive sulphide ore deposits discovered
on the East Pacific Rise. Nature London, 277 (5697): 523−528.
Freiwald, A. and Wilson, J.B.S., 1998. Taphonomy of modern deep,
cold-temperature water coral reefs. Hist. Biol., 13: 37−52.
Fry, V.A. and Butman, B., 1991. Estimates of the seafloor area
impacted by sewage sludge dumped at the 106-Mile Site in the
Mid-Atlantic Bight. Mar. Environ. Res., 31: 145−160.
Galil, B.S., Golik, A. and T¨ urkay, M., 1995. Litter at the bottom
of the sea: a sea bed survey in the Eastern Mediterranean. Mar.
Pollut. Bull., 30: 22−24.
Garnett, R.H.T., 1995. Offshore diamond mining in Southern Africa.
In: Proceedings of the Offshore Technology Conference, Houston,
Texas, OTC Paper 7643, Vol. 1. Society for Mining, Metallurgy
and Exploration, Richardson, TX, pp. 71–86.
Garnett, R.H.T., 1996. Marine dredging for gold, offshore Alaska.
In: Proceedings of the Offshore Technology Conference, Houston,
Texas, OTC Paper 8008. Society for Mining, Metallurgy and
Exploration, Richardson, TX, pp. 455–463.
Garnett, R.H.T. and Ellis, D.V., 1995. Tailings disposal at a marine
placer mining operation by WestGold, Alaska. Mar. Geores.
Geotechnol., 13: 41−57.
Gas Technology Information, 2000. International Centre for
Gas Technology Information, Gitonline: www.gtionline.org,
www.hydrate.org.
Geminder, R. and Lecourt Jr., E.J., 1972. Deep ocean mining system
tested. World Dredging Mar. Constr., 8: 35−38.
GESAMP, 1990. The State of the Marine Environment. UNEP
Regional Seas Reports and Studies, 115 pp.
Goldberg, E.D., 1995. Emerging problems in the coastal zone for the
twenty-first century. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 31: 152−158.
Golik, A., Weber, K., Salihoglu, I., Yilmaz, A. and Loizides, L.,
1988. Pelagic tar in the Mediterranean Sea. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 19:
567−572.
Grassle, J.F., 1991. Affects of sewage sludge on deep-sea communities
(abstr.). EOS, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, 72: 1−84.
Gulin, S.B., Aarkrog, A., Polikarpov, G.G., Nielsen, S.P. and Egorov,
V.N., 1997. Chronological study of 137 Cs input to the Black Sea
deep and shelf sediments. Radioprotection Colloq., 32: 257−262.
Guney, M., Nawab, Z. and Marhoun, M.A., 1984. Alantis-II-Deep
metal reserves and their evaluation. In: Proceedings of the Offshore
Technology Conference, Houston, Texas, OTC Paper 4780, Vol. 3.
Society for Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration, Richardson, TX,
pp. 33–44.
Halbach, P. and Manheim, F.T., 1984. Potential of cobalt and other
metals in ferromanganese crusts on seamounts of the Central
Pacific Basin. Mar. Min., 4: 319−335.
Halbach, P., Friedrich, G. and von Stackelberg, U. (Editors), 1988.
The Manganese Nodule Belt of the Pacific Ocean: Geological
Environment, Nodule Formation, and Mining Aspects. F. Enke
Verlag, Stuttgart, 254 pp.
Halbach, P., Sattler, C.D., Teichmann, F. and Wahsner, M., 1989a.
Cobalt-rich and platinum-bearing manganese crust deposits on
seamounts: nature, formation and metal potential. Mar. Min., 8:
23−39.
Halbach, P., Nakamura, K., Wahsner, M., Lange, J., Sakai, H.,
Kaselitz, L., Hansen, R.D., Yamano, M., Post, J., Prause, B.,