REPRODUCTION, DEVELOPMENT AND LIFE-HISTORY TRAITS
425
Gibbs (Editor), Proceedings of the Nineteenth European Marine
Biology Symposium. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp.
223–330.
Tyler, P.A., Billett, D.S.M. and Gage, J.D., 1987. The ecology and
reproductive biology of Cherbonniera utriculus and Molpadia
blakei from the N.E. Atlantic. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK, 67:
385−397.
Tyler, P.A., Harvey, R., Giles, L.A. and Gage, J.D., 1992a.
Reproductive strategies and diet in deep-sea nuculanid
protobranchs (Bivalvia: Nuculoidea) from the Rockall Trough.
Mar. Biol., 114: 571−580.
Tyler, P.A., Young, C.M., Billett, D.S.M. and Giles, L.A.,
1992b. Pairing behaviour, reproduction and diet in the deep-sea
holothurian genus Paroriza (Holothuroidea: Synallactidae). J. Mar.
Biol. Assoc. UK, 72: 447−462.
Tyler, P.A., Eckelbarger, K.J. and Billett, D.S.M., 1994. Reproduction
in the holothurian Bathyplotes natans (Holothuroidea: Synallactidae) from bathyal depths in the northeast and western Atlantic.
J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK, 74: 383−402.
Tyler, P.A., Bronsdon, S.K., Young, C.M. and Rice, A.L., 1995.
Ecology and gametogenic biology of the genus Umbellula
(Pennatulacea) in the North Atlantic Ocean. Int. Rev. Gesamten
Hydrobiol., 80: 187−199.
Underwood, A.J., 1974. On models for reproductive strategy in marine
benthic invertebrates. Am. Nat., 108: 874−878.
Van Dover, C.L., 1994. In situ spawning of hydrothermal vent
tubeworms (Riftia pachyptila). Biol. Bull., 186: 134−135.
Van Dover, C.L., 2000. The Ecology of Deep-Sea Hydrothermal
Vents. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 424 pp.
Van Dover, C.L. and Williams, A.B., 1991. Egg size in squat lobsters
(Galatheioidea): constraint and freedom. In: A. Wenner and A.
Kuris (Editors), Crustacean Egg Production. Balkema, Rotterdam,
pp. 143–156.
Van Dover, C.L., Factor, J.R., Williams, A.B. and Berg Jr., C.J., 1985.
Reproductive patterns of decapod crustaceans from hydrothermal
vents. Bull. Biol. Soc. Wash., 6: 223−227.
Van Dover, C.L., Trask, J., Gross, J. and Knowlton, A., 1999.
Reproductive biology of free-living and commensal polynoid
polychaetes at the Lucky Strike hydrothermal vent field (MidAtlantic Ridge). Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 181: 201−214.
Van-Pra¨ et, M., 1990. Gametogenesis and the reproductive cycle
in the deep-sea anemone Paracalliactis stephensoni (Cnidaria:
Actiniaria). J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK, 70: 163−172.
Van-Pra¨ et, M. and Duchateau, G., 1984. Mise en ´
evidence chez une
actinie abyssale (Paracalliactis stephensoni) d’un cycle saisonnier
de reproduction. C. R. Acad. Sci., 299: 687−690.
Van-Pra¨ et, M., Rice, A.L. and Thurston, M.H., 1990. Reproduction
in two deep-sea anemones (Actiniaria); Phelliactis hertwigi and
P. robusta. Prog. Oceanogr., 24: 207−222.
Vance, R.R., 1973. On reproductive strategies in marine benthic
invertebrates. Am. Nat., 107: 339−352.
von K¨ olliker, A., 1880. Pennatulida. Reports of the Scientific Research
of the Voyage of HMS Challenger, Zoology, 1(2): 1−41. 11 Plates.
von Willemoes-Suhm, R., 1876. Preliminary report to Prof. Wyville
Thomson, F.R.S., director of the civilian scientific staff, on
observations made during the earlier part of the voyage of H.M.S.
Challenger. Proc. R. Soc. London, 24: 569−585.
Vrijenhoek, R.C., 1997. Gene flow and genetic diversity in
naturally fragmented metapopulations of deep-sea hydrothermal
vent animals. J. Hered., 88: 285−293.
Wenner, E.L., 1978. Some aspects of the biology of deep-sea lobsters
of the family Polychelidae (Crustacea, Decapoda) from the Western
North Atlantic. Fish. Bull., 77: 435−444.
Wenner, E.L., 1980. Notes on the biology of a deep-sea penaeid,
Benthesicymus bartletti Smith. Crustaceana, 38: 290−294.
Williams, G.C., 1966. Adaptation and Natural Selection: A Critique
of Some Current Evolutionary Thought. Princeton University Press,
Princeton, NJ, 307 pp.
Williamson, D.I., 1982. The larval characters of Dorhynchus thomsoni
Thomson (Crustacea, Brachyura, Majoidea) and their evolution.
J. Nat. Hist., 16: 727−744.
Wilson, E.O., 1975. Sociobiology: The New Synthesis. Belknap Press,
Cambridge, MA, 697 pp.
Wilson, G.D.F., 1981. Taxonomy and postmarsupial development of
a dominant deep-sea erysopid isopod. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 94:
276−294.
Wilson, W.H., 1991. Sexual reproductive modes in polychaetes:
classification and diversity. Bull. Mar. Sci., 48: 500−516.
Witte, U., 1996. Seasonal reproduction in deep-sea sponges triggered
by vertical particle flux? Mar. Biol., 124: 571−581.
Wolff, T., 1956a. Crustacea Tanaidacea from depths exceeding
6000 m. Galathea Rep., 2: 187−241.
Wolff, T., 1956b. Isopoda from depths exceeding 6000 m. Galathea
Rep., 2: 85−167.
Wolff, T., 1962. The systematics and biology of bathyal and abyssal
isopoda asellota. Galathea Rep., 6: 1−320. 19 Plates.
Wray, G.A., 1995. Evolution of larvae and developmental modes. In:
L.R. McEdward (Editor), Ecology of Marine Invertebrate Larvae.
CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 413–447.
Wray, G.A. and Raff, R.A., 1991. The evolution of developmental
strategy in marine invertebrates. Trend Ecol. Evol., 6: 45−50.
Young, C.M., 1994a. A tale of two dogmas: the early history of deepsea reproductive biology. In: C.M. Young and K.J. Eckelbarger
(Editors), Reproduction, Larval Biology and Recruitment of the
Deep-Sea Benthos. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 1–
25.
Young, C.M., 1994b. The biology of external fertilization in deepsea echinoderms. In: C.M. Young and K.J. Eckelbarger (Editors),
Reproduction, Larval Biology and Recruitment of the Deep-Sea
Benthos. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 179–200.
Young, C.M., 1999. Synchrony and sociality: breeding strategies in
constant and variable environments. In: M. Whitfield, J. Matthews
and C. Reynolds (Editors), Aquatic Life Cycle Strategies: Survival
in a Variable Environment. Marine Biological Association of the
United Kingdom, Plymouth, pp. 1–14.
Young, C.M. and Cameron, J.L., 1987. Laboratory and in situ flotation
rates of lecithotrophic eggs from the bathyal echinoid Phormosoma
placenta. Deep-Sea Res., 34: 1629−1639.
Young, C.M. and Cameron, J.L., 1989. Developmental rate as
a function of depth in the bathyal echinoid Linopneustes
longispinus. In: J.S. Ryland and P.A. Tyler (Editors), Reproduction,
Genetics and Distributions of Marine Organisms. Olsen and Olsen,
Fredensborg, Denmark, pp. 225–234.
Young, C.M. and George, S.B., 2000. Larval development of the
tropical deep-sea echinoid Aspidodiadema jacobyi: phylogenetic
implications. Biol. Bull., 198: 387−395.
Young, C.M. and Tyler, P.A., 1993. Embryos of the deep-sea echinoid
425
Gibbs (Editor), Proceedings of the Nineteenth European Marine
Biology Symposium. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp.
223–330.
Tyler, P.A., Billett, D.S.M. and Gage, J.D., 1987. The ecology and
reproductive biology of Cherbonniera utriculus and Molpadia
blakei from the N.E. Atlantic. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK, 67:
385−397.
Tyler, P.A., Harvey, R., Giles, L.A. and Gage, J.D., 1992a.
Reproductive strategies and diet in deep-sea nuculanid
protobranchs (Bivalvia: Nuculoidea) from the Rockall Trough.
Mar. Biol., 114: 571−580.
Tyler, P.A., Young, C.M., Billett, D.S.M. and Giles, L.A.,
1992b. Pairing behaviour, reproduction and diet in the deep-sea
holothurian genus Paroriza (Holothuroidea: Synallactidae). J. Mar.
Biol. Assoc. UK, 72: 447−462.
Tyler, P.A., Eckelbarger, K.J. and Billett, D.S.M., 1994. Reproduction
in the holothurian Bathyplotes natans (Holothuroidea: Synallactidae) from bathyal depths in the northeast and western Atlantic.
J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK, 74: 383−402.
Tyler, P.A., Bronsdon, S.K., Young, C.M. and Rice, A.L., 1995.
Ecology and gametogenic biology of the genus Umbellula
(Pennatulacea) in the North Atlantic Ocean. Int. Rev. Gesamten
Hydrobiol., 80: 187−199.
Underwood, A.J., 1974. On models for reproductive strategy in marine
benthic invertebrates. Am. Nat., 108: 874−878.
Van Dover, C.L., 1994. In situ spawning of hydrothermal vent
tubeworms (Riftia pachyptila). Biol. Bull., 186: 134−135.
Van Dover, C.L., 2000. The Ecology of Deep-Sea Hydrothermal
Vents. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 424 pp.
Van Dover, C.L. and Williams, A.B., 1991. Egg size in squat lobsters
(Galatheioidea): constraint and freedom. In: A. Wenner and A.
Kuris (Editors), Crustacean Egg Production. Balkema, Rotterdam,
pp. 143–156.
Van Dover, C.L., Factor, J.R., Williams, A.B. and Berg Jr., C.J., 1985.
Reproductive patterns of decapod crustaceans from hydrothermal
vents. Bull. Biol. Soc. Wash., 6: 223−227.
Van Dover, C.L., Trask, J., Gross, J. and Knowlton, A., 1999.
Reproductive biology of free-living and commensal polynoid
polychaetes at the Lucky Strike hydrothermal vent field (MidAtlantic Ridge). Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 181: 201−214.
Van-Pra¨ et, M., 1990. Gametogenesis and the reproductive cycle
in the deep-sea anemone Paracalliactis stephensoni (Cnidaria:
Actiniaria). J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK, 70: 163−172.
Van-Pra¨ et, M. and Duchateau, G., 1984. Mise en ´
evidence chez une
actinie abyssale (Paracalliactis stephensoni) d’un cycle saisonnier
de reproduction. C. R. Acad. Sci., 299: 687−690.
Van-Pra¨ et, M., Rice, A.L. and Thurston, M.H., 1990. Reproduction
in two deep-sea anemones (Actiniaria); Phelliactis hertwigi and
P. robusta. Prog. Oceanogr., 24: 207−222.
Vance, R.R., 1973. On reproductive strategies in marine benthic
invertebrates. Am. Nat., 107: 339−352.
von K¨ olliker, A., 1880. Pennatulida. Reports of the Scientific Research
of the Voyage of HMS Challenger, Zoology, 1(2): 1−41. 11 Plates.
von Willemoes-Suhm, R., 1876. Preliminary report to Prof. Wyville
Thomson, F.R.S., director of the civilian scientific staff, on
observations made during the earlier part of the voyage of H.M.S.
Challenger. Proc. R. Soc. London, 24: 569−585.
Vrijenhoek, R.C., 1997. Gene flow and genetic diversity in
naturally fragmented metapopulations of deep-sea hydrothermal
vent animals. J. Hered., 88: 285−293.
Wenner, E.L., 1978. Some aspects of the biology of deep-sea lobsters
of the family Polychelidae (Crustacea, Decapoda) from the Western
North Atlantic. Fish. Bull., 77: 435−444.
Wenner, E.L., 1980. Notes on the biology of a deep-sea penaeid,
Benthesicymus bartletti Smith. Crustaceana, 38: 290−294.
Williams, G.C., 1966. Adaptation and Natural Selection: A Critique
of Some Current Evolutionary Thought. Princeton University Press,
Princeton, NJ, 307 pp.
Williamson, D.I., 1982. The larval characters of Dorhynchus thomsoni
Thomson (Crustacea, Brachyura, Majoidea) and their evolution.
J. Nat. Hist., 16: 727−744.
Wilson, E.O., 1975. Sociobiology: The New Synthesis. Belknap Press,
Cambridge, MA, 697 pp.
Wilson, G.D.F., 1981. Taxonomy and postmarsupial development of
a dominant deep-sea erysopid isopod. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 94:
276−294.
Wilson, W.H., 1991. Sexual reproductive modes in polychaetes:
classification and diversity. Bull. Mar. Sci., 48: 500−516.
Witte, U., 1996. Seasonal reproduction in deep-sea sponges triggered
by vertical particle flux? Mar. Biol., 124: 571−581.
Wolff, T., 1956a. Crustacea Tanaidacea from depths exceeding
6000 m. Galathea Rep., 2: 187−241.
Wolff, T., 1956b. Isopoda from depths exceeding 6000 m. Galathea
Rep., 2: 85−167.
Wolff, T., 1962. The systematics and biology of bathyal and abyssal
isopoda asellota. Galathea Rep., 6: 1−320. 19 Plates.
Wray, G.A., 1995. Evolution of larvae and developmental modes. In:
L.R. McEdward (Editor), Ecology of Marine Invertebrate Larvae.
CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 413–447.
Wray, G.A. and Raff, R.A., 1991. The evolution of developmental
strategy in marine invertebrates. Trend Ecol. Evol., 6: 45−50.
Young, C.M., 1994a. A tale of two dogmas: the early history of deepsea reproductive biology. In: C.M. Young and K.J. Eckelbarger
(Editors), Reproduction, Larval Biology and Recruitment of the
Deep-Sea Benthos. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 1–
25.
Young, C.M., 1994b. The biology of external fertilization in deepsea echinoderms. In: C.M. Young and K.J. Eckelbarger (Editors),
Reproduction, Larval Biology and Recruitment of the Deep-Sea
Benthos. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 179–200.
Young, C.M., 1999. Synchrony and sociality: breeding strategies in
constant and variable environments. In: M. Whitfield, J. Matthews
and C. Reynolds (Editors), Aquatic Life Cycle Strategies: Survival
in a Variable Environment. Marine Biological Association of the
United Kingdom, Plymouth, pp. 1–14.
Young, C.M. and Cameron, J.L., 1987. Laboratory and in situ flotation
rates of lecithotrophic eggs from the bathyal echinoid Phormosoma
placenta. Deep-Sea Res., 34: 1629−1639.
Young, C.M. and Cameron, J.L., 1989. Developmental rate as
a function of depth in the bathyal echinoid Linopneustes
longispinus. In: J.S. Ryland and P.A. Tyler (Editors), Reproduction,
Genetics and Distributions of Marine Organisms. Olsen and Olsen,
Fredensborg, Denmark, pp. 225–234.
Young, C.M. and George, S.B., 2000. Larval development of the
tropical deep-sea echinoid Aspidodiadema jacobyi: phylogenetic
implications. Biol. Bull., 198: 387−395.
Young, C.M. and Tyler, P.A., 1993. Embryos of the deep-sea echinoid