424
Craig M. YOUNG
Stearns, S.C., 1976. Life-history tactics: a review of the ideas. Q. Rev.
Biol., 51: 3−47.
Steel, E.A., 1961. Some observations on the life history of Asellus
aquaticus (L) and Asellus meridianus Racovitza (Crustacea:
Isopoda). Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 137(1): 71−87.
Stein, D.L. and Pearcy, W.G., 1982. Aspects of the reproduction, early
life history, and biology of macrourid fishes off Oregon, U.S.A.
Deep-Sea Res., 29A: 1313−1329.
Strathmann, R.R., 1974. The spread of sibling larvae of sedentary
marine invertebrates. Am. Nat., 108: 29−44.
Strathmann, R.R., 1978. The evolution and loss of feeding larval
stages of marine invertebrates. Evolution, 32: 894−906.
Strathmann, R.R., 1985. Feeding and non-feeding larval development
and life-history evolution in marine invertebrates. Annu. Rev. Ecol.
Syst., 16: 339−361.
Strathmann, R.R., 1993. Hypotheses on the origins of marine larvae.
Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 24: 89−117.
Strathmann, R.R. and Strathmann, M.F., 1982. The relation between
adult size and brooding in marine invertebrates. Am. Nat., 119:
91−101.
Sulkin, S.D. and Van Heukelem, W.F., 1980. Ecological and
evolutionary significance of nutritional flexibility in planktotrophic
larvae of the deep sea red crab Geryon quinquedens and the stone
crab Menippe mercenaria. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 2: 91−95.
Sumida, P.Y.G., Tyler, P.A., Lampitt, R.S. and Gage, J.D., 2000.
Reproduction, dispersal and settlement of the bathyal ophiuroid
Ophiocten gracilis in the NE Atlantic Ocean. Mar. Biol., 137:
623−630.
Thistle, D. and Eckman, J.E., 1990. The effect of a biologically
produced structure on the benthic copepods of a deep-sea site.
Deep-Sea Res., 37: 541−554.
Thomson, C.W., 1878. Notice of some peculiarities in the mode of
propagation of certain echinoderms of the Southern Sea. J. Linn.
Soc. London, 13: 55−79.
Thorson, G., 1946. Reproduction and larval development of Danish
marine bottom invertebrates. Medd. Dan. Fisk. Havunders. Ser.
Plankton, 4: 1−523.
Thorson, G., 1950. Reproductive and larval ecology of marine bottom
invertebrates. Biol. Rev., 25: 1−45.
Todd, C.D., 1986. Reproductive strategies of north temperate rocky
shore invertebrates. In: P.G. Moore and R. Seed (Editors), The
Ecology of Rocky Coasts. Columbia University Press, New York,
pp. 203–219.
Tso, S.F. and Mok, H.K., 1991. Development, reproduction and
nutrition of the giant isopod Bathynomus doederleini Ortman, 1894
(Isopoda, Flabellifera, Cirolanidae). Crustaceana, 61: 141−154.
Turekian, K.K., Cochran, D.P., Kharkar, D.P., Cerrato, R.M., Vaisnys,
J.R., Sanders, H.L., Grassle, J.F. and Allen, J.A., 1975. Slow growth
rate of deep-sea clam determined by 228 Ra chronology. Proc. Natl.
Acad. Sci. USA., 180: 2829−2832.
Turekian, K.K., Cochran, J.K. and Nozaki, Y., 1979. Growth rate of a
clam from the Galapagos hot spring field using natural radionuclide
ratios. Nature, 280: 385−387.
Turner, R.D., 1973. Wood-boring bivalves, opportunistic species in
the deep sea. Science, 180: 1377−1379.
Turner, R.D., 1977. Wood, mollusks, and deep-sea food chains. Bull.
Am. Malacol. Union, (1976): 13−19.
Tyler, P.A., 1988. Seasonality in the deep sea. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol.
Annu. Rev., 26: 227−258.
Tyler, P.A., 1995. Conditions for the existence of life at the deep-sea
floor: an update. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Annu. Rev., 33: 221−244.
Tyler, P.A. and Billett, D.S.M., 1985. The life history
biology of Peniagone azorica and P. diaphana (Echinodermata:
Holothurioidea) from the NE Atlantic. Mar. Biol., 89: 71−81.
Tyler, P.A. and Billett, D.S.M., 1987. The reproductive ecology of
elasipodid holothurians from the N.E. Atlantic. Biol. Oceanogr.,
5: 273−296.
Tyler, P.A. and Dixon, D.R., 2000. Temperature/pressure tolerance
of the first larval stage of Mirocaris fortunata from Lucky Strike
hydrothermal vent field. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK, 80: 739−740.
Tyler, P.A. and Gage, J.D., 1980. Reproduction and growth in the
deep-sea brittlestar Ophiura ljungmani (Lyman). Oceanol. Acta,
3: 177−185.
Tyler, P.A. and Gage, J.D., 1982. Ophiopluteus ramosus the larval
form of Ophiocten gracilis (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea). J. Mar.
Biol. Assoc. UK, 62: 485−486.
Tyler, P.A. and Gage, J.D., 1983. The reproductive biology of
Ypsilothuria talismani (Holothuroidea: Dendrochirota) from the
N.E. Atlantic. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK, 63: 609−616.
Tyler, P.A. and Gage, J.D., 1984a. Seasonal reproduction of Echinus
affinis (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) in the Rockall Trough,
northeast Atlantic Ocean. Deep-Sea Res., 31: 387−402.
Tyler, P.A. and Gage, J.D., 1984b. The reproductive biology of
echinothuriid and cidarid sea urchins from the deep sea (Rockall
Trough, North-East Atlantic Ocean). Mar. Biol., 80: 63−74.
Tyler, P.A. and Pain, S.L., 1982a. The reproductive biology of
Plutonaster bifrons, Dytaster insignis and Psilaster andromeda
(Asteroidea: Astropectinidae) from the Rockall Trough. J. Mar.
Biol. Assoc. UK, 62: 869−887.
Tyler, P.A. and Pain, S.L., 1982b. Observations of gametogenesis in
the deep-sea asteroids Paragonaster subtilis and Pseudarchaster
parelii (Phanerozonia: Goniasteridae). Int. J. Invertebr. Reprod., 5:
269−272.
Tyler, P.A. and Young, C.M., 1993. Reproduction in marine
invertebrates in ‘stable’ environments. Invertebr. Reprod. Dev., 22:
185−192.
Tyler, P.A. and Young, C.M., 1999. Reproduction and dispersal at
vents and cold seeps. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK, 79: 193−208.
Tyler, P.A., Grant, A., Pain, S.L. and Gage, J.D., 1982a. Is annual
reproduction in deep-sea echinoderms a response to variability in
their environment? Nature, 300: 747−749.
Tyler, P.A., Pain, S.L. and Gage, J.D., 1982b. The reproductive biology
of the deep-sea asteroid Bathybiaster vexillifer. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc.
UK, 62: 57−69.
Tyler, P.A., Pain, S.L., Gage, J.D. and Billett, D.S.M., 1984. The
reproductive biology of deep-sea forcipulate seastars (Asteroidea:
Echinodermata) from the N.E. Atlantic Ocean. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc.
UK, 64: 587−601.
Tyler, P.A., Gage, J.D. and Billett, D.S.M., 1985a. Life-history
biology of Peniagone azorica and P. diaphana (Echinodermata:
Holothurioidea) from the north-east Atlantic Ocean. Mar. Biol.,
89: 71−81.
Tyler, P.A., Muirhead, A., Billett, D.S.M. and Gage, J.D., 1985b. The
reproductive biology of the deep-sea holothurians Laetmogone
violacea and Benthogone rosea (Elasipodida: Holothurioidea).
Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 23: 269−277.
Tyler, P.A., Muirhead, A. and Colman, J.G., 1985c. Observations
on continuous reproduction in large deep-sea epibenthos. In: P.E.
Craig M. YOUNG
Stearns, S.C., 1976. Life-history tactics: a review of the ideas. Q. Rev.
Biol., 51: 3−47.
Steel, E.A., 1961. Some observations on the life history of Asellus
aquaticus (L) and Asellus meridianus Racovitza (Crustacea:
Isopoda). Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 137(1): 71−87.
Stein, D.L. and Pearcy, W.G., 1982. Aspects of the reproduction, early
life history, and biology of macrourid fishes off Oregon, U.S.A.
Deep-Sea Res., 29A: 1313−1329.
Strathmann, R.R., 1974. The spread of sibling larvae of sedentary
marine invertebrates. Am. Nat., 108: 29−44.
Strathmann, R.R., 1978. The evolution and loss of feeding larval
stages of marine invertebrates. Evolution, 32: 894−906.
Strathmann, R.R., 1985. Feeding and non-feeding larval development
and life-history evolution in marine invertebrates. Annu. Rev. Ecol.
Syst., 16: 339−361.
Strathmann, R.R., 1993. Hypotheses on the origins of marine larvae.
Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 24: 89−117.
Strathmann, R.R. and Strathmann, M.F., 1982. The relation between
adult size and brooding in marine invertebrates. Am. Nat., 119:
91−101.
Sulkin, S.D. and Van Heukelem, W.F., 1980. Ecological and
evolutionary significance of nutritional flexibility in planktotrophic
larvae of the deep sea red crab Geryon quinquedens and the stone
crab Menippe mercenaria. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 2: 91−95.
Sumida, P.Y.G., Tyler, P.A., Lampitt, R.S. and Gage, J.D., 2000.
Reproduction, dispersal and settlement of the bathyal ophiuroid
Ophiocten gracilis in the NE Atlantic Ocean. Mar. Biol., 137:
623−630.
Thistle, D. and Eckman, J.E., 1990. The effect of a biologically
produced structure on the benthic copepods of a deep-sea site.
Deep-Sea Res., 37: 541−554.
Thomson, C.W., 1878. Notice of some peculiarities in the mode of
propagation of certain echinoderms of the Southern Sea. J. Linn.
Soc. London, 13: 55−79.
Thorson, G., 1946. Reproduction and larval development of Danish
marine bottom invertebrates. Medd. Dan. Fisk. Havunders. Ser.
Plankton, 4: 1−523.
Thorson, G., 1950. Reproductive and larval ecology of marine bottom
invertebrates. Biol. Rev., 25: 1−45.
Todd, C.D., 1986. Reproductive strategies of north temperate rocky
shore invertebrates. In: P.G. Moore and R. Seed (Editors), The
Ecology of Rocky Coasts. Columbia University Press, New York,
pp. 203–219.
Tso, S.F. and Mok, H.K., 1991. Development, reproduction and
nutrition of the giant isopod Bathynomus doederleini Ortman, 1894
(Isopoda, Flabellifera, Cirolanidae). Crustaceana, 61: 141−154.
Turekian, K.K., Cochran, D.P., Kharkar, D.P., Cerrato, R.M., Vaisnys,
J.R., Sanders, H.L., Grassle, J.F. and Allen, J.A., 1975. Slow growth
rate of deep-sea clam determined by 228 Ra chronology. Proc. Natl.
Acad. Sci. USA., 180: 2829−2832.
Turekian, K.K., Cochran, J.K. and Nozaki, Y., 1979. Growth rate of a
clam from the Galapagos hot spring field using natural radionuclide
ratios. Nature, 280: 385−387.
Turner, R.D., 1973. Wood-boring bivalves, opportunistic species in
the deep sea. Science, 180: 1377−1379.
Turner, R.D., 1977. Wood, mollusks, and deep-sea food chains. Bull.
Am. Malacol. Union, (1976): 13−19.
Tyler, P.A., 1988. Seasonality in the deep sea. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol.
Annu. Rev., 26: 227−258.
Tyler, P.A., 1995. Conditions for the existence of life at the deep-sea
floor: an update. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Annu. Rev., 33: 221−244.
Tyler, P.A. and Billett, D.S.M., 1985. The life history
biology of Peniagone azorica and P. diaphana (Echinodermata:
Holothurioidea) from the NE Atlantic. Mar. Biol., 89: 71−81.
Tyler, P.A. and Billett, D.S.M., 1987. The reproductive ecology of
elasipodid holothurians from the N.E. Atlantic. Biol. Oceanogr.,
5: 273−296.
Tyler, P.A. and Dixon, D.R., 2000. Temperature/pressure tolerance
of the first larval stage of Mirocaris fortunata from Lucky Strike
hydrothermal vent field. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK, 80: 739−740.
Tyler, P.A. and Gage, J.D., 1980. Reproduction and growth in the
deep-sea brittlestar Ophiura ljungmani (Lyman). Oceanol. Acta,
3: 177−185.
Tyler, P.A. and Gage, J.D., 1982. Ophiopluteus ramosus the larval
form of Ophiocten gracilis (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea). J. Mar.
Biol. Assoc. UK, 62: 485−486.
Tyler, P.A. and Gage, J.D., 1983. The reproductive biology of
Ypsilothuria talismani (Holothuroidea: Dendrochirota) from the
N.E. Atlantic. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK, 63: 609−616.
Tyler, P.A. and Gage, J.D., 1984a. Seasonal reproduction of Echinus
affinis (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) in the Rockall Trough,
northeast Atlantic Ocean. Deep-Sea Res., 31: 387−402.
Tyler, P.A. and Gage, J.D., 1984b. The reproductive biology of
echinothuriid and cidarid sea urchins from the deep sea (Rockall
Trough, North-East Atlantic Ocean). Mar. Biol., 80: 63−74.
Tyler, P.A. and Pain, S.L., 1982a. The reproductive biology of
Plutonaster bifrons, Dytaster insignis and Psilaster andromeda
(Asteroidea: Astropectinidae) from the Rockall Trough. J. Mar.
Biol. Assoc. UK, 62: 869−887.
Tyler, P.A. and Pain, S.L., 1982b. Observations of gametogenesis in
the deep-sea asteroids Paragonaster subtilis and Pseudarchaster
parelii (Phanerozonia: Goniasteridae). Int. J. Invertebr. Reprod., 5:
269−272.
Tyler, P.A. and Young, C.M., 1993. Reproduction in marine
invertebrates in ‘stable’ environments. Invertebr. Reprod. Dev., 22:
185−192.
Tyler, P.A. and Young, C.M., 1999. Reproduction and dispersal at
vents and cold seeps. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK, 79: 193−208.
Tyler, P.A., Grant, A., Pain, S.L. and Gage, J.D., 1982a. Is annual
reproduction in deep-sea echinoderms a response to variability in
their environment? Nature, 300: 747−749.
Tyler, P.A., Pain, S.L. and Gage, J.D., 1982b. The reproductive biology
of the deep-sea asteroid Bathybiaster vexillifer. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc.
UK, 62: 57−69.
Tyler, P.A., Pain, S.L., Gage, J.D. and Billett, D.S.M., 1984. The
reproductive biology of deep-sea forcipulate seastars (Asteroidea:
Echinodermata) from the N.E. Atlantic Ocean. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc.
UK, 64: 587−601.
Tyler, P.A., Gage, J.D. and Billett, D.S.M., 1985a. Life-history
biology of Peniagone azorica and P. diaphana (Echinodermata:
Holothurioidea) from the north-east Atlantic Ocean. Mar. Biol.,
89: 71−81.
Tyler, P.A., Muirhead, A., Billett, D.S.M. and Gage, J.D., 1985b. The
reproductive biology of the deep-sea holothurians Laetmogone
violacea and Benthogone rosea (Elasipodida: Holothurioidea).
Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 23: 269−277.
Tyler, P.A., Muirhead, A. and Colman, J.G., 1985c. Observations
on continuous reproduction in large deep-sea epibenthos. In: P.E.