400
Craig M. YOUNG
Table 12.6, continued
Species
Site
Depth (m)
Egg size (mm) Periodicity 1 References
Cidaris cidaris
Rockall Trough
508–1500
110
S
Tyler and Gage (1984b)
Echinus acutus
Rockall Trough
500–1271
90 (?)
S
Gage et al. (1986)
Echinus affinis
Rockall Trough
2200
120
S
Tyler and Gage (1984a)
Echinus elegans
Rockall Trough
500–1271
90 (?)
S
Gage et al. (1986)
Hygrosoma petersi
Rockall Trough
990–2965
1150
A
Tyler and Gage (1984b)
Linopneustes longispinus
Bahamas
608–683
109
S
Young and Cameron (1989)
Lytechinus euerces
Bahamas
300–500
96
S
Young, unpublished
Palaeobrissus hilgardi
Bahamas
575–650
128
S
Young, unpublished
Phormosoma placenta
NE Atlantic, Bahamas
616–2240
1100
A
Tyler and Gage (1984b),
Young and Cameron (1987)
Poriocidaris purpurata
Rockall Trough
990–1075
1500
A
Tyler and Gage (1984b)
Salenia goesiana
Bahamas
90–540
57
S
Young, unpublished
Sperosoma grimaldi
Rockall Trough
1210
1100
A
Tyler and Gage (1984b)
Stylocidaris lineata
Bahamas
600
120
S
Young et al. (1992)
HOLOTHUROIDEA
Bathyplotes natans
NE Atlantic, Bahamas
625–1694
280
A
Tyler et al. (1994)
Benthodytes sordida
Porcupine Abyssal Plain
3680–4515
>1000
A (?)
Tyler and Billett (1987)
Benthogone rosea
Porcupine Seabight
1387–2120
750
A
Tyler et al. (1985b)
Cherbonniera utriculus
Rockall Trough
2878–4050
200
(S)
Tyler et al. (1987)
Deima validum
Porcupine Abyssal Plain
4080–4795
700
A (?)
Tyler and Billett (1987)
Laetmogone violacea
NE Atlantic
960–1506
350
A
Tyler et al. (1985b)
Molpadia blakei
Porcupine Abyssal Plain
1991–4510
200
A
Tyler et al. (1987)
Oneirophanta mutabilis
Porcupine Seabight
2900–4795
950
A (?)
Tyler and Billett (1987)
Paroriza pallens
NE Atlantic, Bahamas
900–1785
350
A
Tyler et al. (1992b)
Paroriza prouhoi
NE Atlantic
4080–4780
450
A
Tyler et al. (1992b)
Peniagone azorica
Rockall Trough
2220–2965
300
A
Tyler et al. (1985a)
Peniagone diaphana
Porcupine Abyssal Plain
3976–4780
300
A
Tyler et al. (1985a)
Psychropotes depressa
Porcupine Seabight
2405–2440
>750
A (?)
Tyler and Billett (1987)
Psychropotes longicauda
Porcupine Abyssal Plain
4043–4795
>3000
A (?)
Tyler and Billett (1987)
Psychropotes semperiana
Porcupine Abyssal Plain
5432–5440
>3000
A (?)
Tyler and Billett (1987)
Ypsilothuria bitentactulata
Rockall Trough
2175–2907
350
A
Tyler and Gage (1983)
1 Periodicities are listed as either S, seasonal or synchronous; or A, aseasonal or continuous.
Jamieson, 1987) type, characterized by small spherical
or conical nuclei. Such sperm are indicative of free
spawning and external fertilization; both processes
have been observed for more than 20 species of bathyal
echinoderms (Young, 1994b). There is, however, an
unexplained tendency toward gigantism in the sperm
of deep-sea echinoderms (Fig. 12.5). For example,
the sperm of soft-bodied echinothuriid sea urchins,
which fertilize yolky eggs exceeding 1 mm in diameter
(Tyler and Gage, 1984b; Young and Cameron, 1987;
Cameron et al., 1988) are very elongate. These sperm
carry lipid bodies on the posterior end of the midpiece
mitochondria (Eckelbarger et al., 1989a), a very rare
feature in shallow-water sea urchins (an exception
is the sand dollar Echinarachnius parma.) The lipid
bodies are thought to serve as an energy store which
permits the sperm to swim for an unusually long
time after dilution (Young, 1994b), but could also
provide some flotation, enabling the sperm to disperse
upward with the rapidly floating eggs (Young and
Cameron, 1987; Cameron et al., 1988). Sperm of
even greater length are found in the deep-sea genus
Craig M. YOUNG
Table 12.6, continued
Species
Site
Depth (m)
Egg size (mm) Periodicity 1 References
Cidaris cidaris
Rockall Trough
508–1500
110
S
Tyler and Gage (1984b)
Echinus acutus
Rockall Trough
500–1271
90 (?)
S
Gage et al. (1986)
Echinus affinis
Rockall Trough
2200
120
S
Tyler and Gage (1984a)
Echinus elegans
Rockall Trough
500–1271
90 (?)
S
Gage et al. (1986)
Hygrosoma petersi
Rockall Trough
990–2965
1150
A
Tyler and Gage (1984b)
Linopneustes longispinus
Bahamas
608–683
109
S
Young and Cameron (1989)
Lytechinus euerces
Bahamas
300–500
96
S
Young, unpublished
Palaeobrissus hilgardi
Bahamas
575–650
128
S
Young, unpublished
Phormosoma placenta
NE Atlantic, Bahamas
616–2240
1100
A
Tyler and Gage (1984b),
Young and Cameron (1987)
Poriocidaris purpurata
Rockall Trough
990–1075
1500
A
Tyler and Gage (1984b)
Salenia goesiana
Bahamas
90–540
57
S
Young, unpublished
Sperosoma grimaldi
Rockall Trough
1210
1100
A
Tyler and Gage (1984b)
Stylocidaris lineata
Bahamas
600
120
S
Young et al. (1992)
HOLOTHUROIDEA
Bathyplotes natans
NE Atlantic, Bahamas
625–1694
280
A
Tyler et al. (1994)
Benthodytes sordida
Porcupine Abyssal Plain
3680–4515
>1000
A (?)
Tyler and Billett (1987)
Benthogone rosea
Porcupine Seabight
1387–2120
750
A
Tyler et al. (1985b)
Cherbonniera utriculus
Rockall Trough
2878–4050
200
(S)
Tyler et al. (1987)
Deima validum
Porcupine Abyssal Plain
4080–4795
700
A (?)
Tyler and Billett (1987)
Laetmogone violacea
NE Atlantic
960–1506
350
A
Tyler et al. (1985b)
Molpadia blakei
Porcupine Abyssal Plain
1991–4510
200
A
Tyler et al. (1987)
Oneirophanta mutabilis
Porcupine Seabight
2900–4795
950
A (?)
Tyler and Billett (1987)
Paroriza pallens
NE Atlantic, Bahamas
900–1785
350
A
Tyler et al. (1992b)
Paroriza prouhoi
NE Atlantic
4080–4780
450
A
Tyler et al. (1992b)
Peniagone azorica
Rockall Trough
2220–2965
300
A
Tyler et al. (1985a)
Peniagone diaphana
Porcupine Abyssal Plain
3976–4780
300
A
Tyler et al. (1985a)
Psychropotes depressa
Porcupine Seabight
2405–2440
>750
A (?)
Tyler and Billett (1987)
Psychropotes longicauda
Porcupine Abyssal Plain
4043–4795
>3000
A (?)
Tyler and Billett (1987)
Psychropotes semperiana
Porcupine Abyssal Plain
5432–5440
>3000
A (?)
Tyler and Billett (1987)
Ypsilothuria bitentactulata
Rockall Trough
2175–2907
350
A
Tyler and Gage (1983)
1 Periodicities are listed as either S, seasonal or synchronous; or A, aseasonal or continuous.
Jamieson, 1987) type, characterized by small spherical
or conical nuclei. Such sperm are indicative of free
spawning and external fertilization; both processes
have been observed for more than 20 species of bathyal
echinoderms (Young, 1994b). There is, however, an
unexplained tendency toward gigantism in the sperm
of deep-sea echinoderms (Fig. 12.5). For example,
the sperm of soft-bodied echinothuriid sea urchins,
which fertilize yolky eggs exceeding 1 mm in diameter
(Tyler and Gage, 1984b; Young and Cameron, 1987;
Cameron et al., 1988) are very elongate. These sperm
carry lipid bodies on the posterior end of the midpiece
mitochondria (Eckelbarger et al., 1989a), a very rare
feature in shallow-water sea urchins (an exception
is the sand dollar Echinarachnius parma.) The lipid
bodies are thought to serve as an energy store which
permits the sperm to swim for an unusually long
time after dilution (Young, 1994b), but could also
provide some flotation, enabling the sperm to disperse
upward with the rapidly floating eggs (Young and
Cameron, 1987; Cameron et al., 1988). Sperm of
even greater length are found in the deep-sea genus