FOOD INPUTS, UTILIZATION, CARBON FLOW AND ENERGETICS
375
Pawson, D.L., 1982. Deep-sea echinoderms in the Tongue of the
Ocean, Bahama Islands: a survey, using the research submersible
Alvin. Aust. Mus. Sydney Mem., 16: 129−145.
Pearson, M. and Gage, J.D., 1984. Diets of some deep-sea brittle
stars in the Rockall Trough. Mar. Biol., 82: 247−258.
Penry, D.L. and Jumars, P.A., 1987. Modeling animal guts as chemical
reactors. Am. Nat., 129: 69−96.
Pfannkuche, O., 1992. Organic carbon flux through the benthic
community in the temperate abyssal northeast Atlantic. In:
G.T. Rowe and V. Pariente (Editors), Deep-Sea Food Chains and
the Global Carbon Cycle. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp. 183–198.
Pfannkuche, O., 1993. Benthic response to the sedimentation of
particulate organic matter at the BIOTRANS station, 47ºN, 20ºW.
Deep-Sea Res. II, 40: 135−149.
Pfannkuche, O. and Lochte, K., 1990. Metabolismus und Energiefluss
im Benthal. In: O. Pfannkuche, W. Beckmann, B. Christiansen,
K. Lochte, G. Rheinheimer, H. Thiel and H. Wiekert (Editors),
BIOTRANS. Biologischer Vertikaltransport und Energiehaushalt in
der Bodennahen Wasserschicht der Tiefsee. Ber. Zentrum Meeres
Klimaforsch. Univ. Hamburg, 10: 130−154.
Pfannkuche, O. and Lochte, K., 1993. Open ocean pelago–benthic
coupling: cyanobacteria as tracers of sedimenting salp faeces.
Deep-Sea Res. I, 40: 727−737.
Pfannkuche, O. and Soltwedel, T., 1998. Small benthic size classes
along the western European continental margin: spatial and
temporal variability in activity and biomass. Prog. Oceanogr., 42:
189−207.
Pfannkuche, O., Theeg, R. and Thiel, H., 1983. Benthos activity,
abundance and biomass under an area of low upwelling off
Morocco, Northwest Africa. Meteor Forschungsergeb. Reihe D,
36: 85−96.
Pfannkuche, O., Lochte, K. and Thiel, H., 1988. Sedimentation of
spring phytodetritus to the deep-sea floor. Eos, 69: 1117.
Pfannkuche, O., Boetius, A., Lochte, K., Lundgreen, U. and Thiel, H.,
1999. Responses of deep-sea benthos to sedimentation patterns in
the North-East Atlantic in 1992. Deep-Sea Res. I, 46: 573−596.
Phillips, N.W., 1984. Role of different microbes and substrates
as potential suppliers of specific, essential nutrients to marine
detritivores. Bull. Mar. Sci., 35: 283−298.
Pimm, S.L., Lawton, J.H. and Cohen, J.E., 1991. Food web patterns
and their consequences. Nature, 350: 669−674.
Plante, C.J. and Mayer, L.M., 1994. Distribution and efficiency of
bacteriolysis in the gut of Arenicola marina and three additional
deposit feeders. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 109: 183−194.
Plante, C.J., Jumars, P.A. and Baross, J.A., 1990. Digestive
associations between marine detritivores and bacteria. Annu. Rev.
Ecol. Syst., 21: 93−127.
Polis, G.A., 1998. Stability is woven by complex webs. Nature, 395:
744−745.
Priede, I.G., Smith Jr., K.L. and Armstrong, J.D., 1990. Foraging
behaviour of abyssal grenadier fish: inferences from acoustic
tagging and tracking in the North Pacific Ocean. Deep-Sea Res.,
37A: 81−101.
Priede, I.G., Bagley, P.M., Armstrong, J.D., Smith Jr., K.L. and
Merrett, N.R., 1991. Direct measurement of active dispersal of
food-falls by deep-sea demersal fishes. Nature, 351: 647−649.
Priede, I.G., Bagley, P.M., Smith, A., Creasey, S. and Merrett, N.R.,
1994a. Scavenging deep demersal fishes of the Porcupine Seabight,
north-east Atlantic: observations by baited camera, trap and trawl.
J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK, 74: 481−498.
Priede, I.G., Bagley, P.M. and Smith Jr., K.L., 1994b. Seasonal
change in activity of abyssal demersal scavenging grenadiers
Coryphaenoides (Nematonurus) armatus in the eastern North
Pacific Ocean. Limnol. Oceanogr., 39: 279−285.
Reichardt, W.T., 1987. Burial of Antarctic macroalgal debris
in bioturbated deep-sea sediments. Deep-Sea Res., 34A:
1761−1770.
Rex, M.A. and Etter, R.J., 1998. Bathymetric patterns in body size:
implications for biodiversity. Deep-Sea Res. II, 45: 103−127.
Rex, M.A. and War´ en, A., 1982. Planktotrophic development in deepsea prosobranch snails from the western North Atlantic. Deep-Sea
Res., 29A: 171−184.
Rice, A.L. and Lambshead, P.J.D., 1994. Patch dynamics in the
deep-sea benthos: the role of a heterogeneous supply of organic
matter. In: P.S. Giller, A.G. Hildrew and D.G. Raffaelli (Editors),
Aquatic Ecology: Scale, Pattern and Process. The 34th Symposium
of the British Ecological Society, University College, Cork, 1992.
Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 469–497.
Rice, A.L., Aldred, R.G., Billett, D.S.M. and Thurston, M.H., 1979.
The combined use of an epibenthic sledge and a deep-sea camera
give quantitative relevance to macro-benthos samples. Ambio Spec.
Rep., 6: 59−72.
Rice, A.L., Billett, D.S.M., Fry, J., John, A.W.G., Lampitt, R.S.,
Mantoura, R.F.C. and Morris, R.J., 1986. Seasonal deposition of
phytodetritus to the deep-sea floor. Proc. R. Soc. Edinburgh Sect. B,
88: 265−279.
Rice, A.L., Thurston, M.H. and New, A.L., 1990. Dense aggregations
of a hexactinelid sponge, Pheronema carpenteri, in the Porcupine
Seabight (northeast Atlantic Ocean), and possible causes. Prog.
Oceanogr., 24: 179−196.
Rice, A.L., Thurston, M.H. and Bett, B.J., 1994. The IOSDL
DEEPSEAS programme: introduction and photographic evidence
for the presence and absence of a seasonal input of phytodetritus
at contrasting abyssal sites in the northeastern Atlantic. Deep-Sea
Res. I, 41: 1305−1320.
Riemann, F., 1989. Gelatinous phytoplankton detritus aggregates on
the Atlantic deep-sea bed: structure and mode of formation. Mar.
Biol., 100: 533−539.
Riemann, F., 1993. The mouthless deep-sea nematode Rhaptothyreus
minor sp. nov. (Rhaptothyreidae, merithoid nematodes of uncertain
systematic position). Zool. Scr., 22: 341−346.
Riley, G.A., 1970. Particulate organic matter in sea water. Adv. Mar.
Biol., 8: 1−118.
Ritzrau, W., 1996. Microbial activity in the benthic boundary layer:
small scale distribution and its relationship to the hydrodynamic
regime. J. Sea Res., 36: 171−180.
Ritzrau, W. and Thomsen, L., 1997. Spatial distribution of particle
composition and microbial activity in the Benthic Boundary Layer
(BBL) of the North East Water Polyna. J. Mar. Syst., 10: 415−428.
Ritzrau, W., Thomsen, L., Lara, R. and Graf, G., 1997. Enhanced
microbial utilization of dissolved amino acids indicates rapid
modification of organic matter in the benthic boundary layer. Mar.
Ecol. Prog. Ser., 156: 43−50.
Rixen, T., Haake, B., Ittekkot, V., Gupta, M.V.S., Nair, R.R. and
Schl¨ ussel, P., 1996. Coupling between SW monsoon-related surface
and deep ocean processes as discerned from continuous particle
375
Pawson, D.L., 1982. Deep-sea echinoderms in the Tongue of the
Ocean, Bahama Islands: a survey, using the research submersible
Alvin. Aust. Mus. Sydney Mem., 16: 129−145.
Pearson, M. and Gage, J.D., 1984. Diets of some deep-sea brittle
stars in the Rockall Trough. Mar. Biol., 82: 247−258.
Penry, D.L. and Jumars, P.A., 1987. Modeling animal guts as chemical
reactors. Am. Nat., 129: 69−96.
Pfannkuche, O., 1992. Organic carbon flux through the benthic
community in the temperate abyssal northeast Atlantic. In:
G.T. Rowe and V. Pariente (Editors), Deep-Sea Food Chains and
the Global Carbon Cycle. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp. 183–198.
Pfannkuche, O., 1993. Benthic response to the sedimentation of
particulate organic matter at the BIOTRANS station, 47ºN, 20ºW.
Deep-Sea Res. II, 40: 135−149.
Pfannkuche, O. and Lochte, K., 1990. Metabolismus und Energiefluss
im Benthal. In: O. Pfannkuche, W. Beckmann, B. Christiansen,
K. Lochte, G. Rheinheimer, H. Thiel and H. Wiekert (Editors),
BIOTRANS. Biologischer Vertikaltransport und Energiehaushalt in
der Bodennahen Wasserschicht der Tiefsee. Ber. Zentrum Meeres
Klimaforsch. Univ. Hamburg, 10: 130−154.
Pfannkuche, O. and Lochte, K., 1993. Open ocean pelago–benthic
coupling: cyanobacteria as tracers of sedimenting salp faeces.
Deep-Sea Res. I, 40: 727−737.
Pfannkuche, O. and Soltwedel, T., 1998. Small benthic size classes
along the western European continental margin: spatial and
temporal variability in activity and biomass. Prog. Oceanogr., 42:
189−207.
Pfannkuche, O., Theeg, R. and Thiel, H., 1983. Benthos activity,
abundance and biomass under an area of low upwelling off
Morocco, Northwest Africa. Meteor Forschungsergeb. Reihe D,
36: 85−96.
Pfannkuche, O., Lochte, K. and Thiel, H., 1988. Sedimentation of
spring phytodetritus to the deep-sea floor. Eos, 69: 1117.
Pfannkuche, O., Boetius, A., Lochte, K., Lundgreen, U. and Thiel, H.,
1999. Responses of deep-sea benthos to sedimentation patterns in
the North-East Atlantic in 1992. Deep-Sea Res. I, 46: 573−596.
Phillips, N.W., 1984. Role of different microbes and substrates
as potential suppliers of specific, essential nutrients to marine
detritivores. Bull. Mar. Sci., 35: 283−298.
Pimm, S.L., Lawton, J.H. and Cohen, J.E., 1991. Food web patterns
and their consequences. Nature, 350: 669−674.
Plante, C.J. and Mayer, L.M., 1994. Distribution and efficiency of
bacteriolysis in the gut of Arenicola marina and three additional
deposit feeders. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 109: 183−194.
Plante, C.J., Jumars, P.A. and Baross, J.A., 1990. Digestive
associations between marine detritivores and bacteria. Annu. Rev.
Ecol. Syst., 21: 93−127.
Polis, G.A., 1998. Stability is woven by complex webs. Nature, 395:
744−745.
Priede, I.G., Smith Jr., K.L. and Armstrong, J.D., 1990. Foraging
behaviour of abyssal grenadier fish: inferences from acoustic
tagging and tracking in the North Pacific Ocean. Deep-Sea Res.,
37A: 81−101.
Priede, I.G., Bagley, P.M., Armstrong, J.D., Smith Jr., K.L. and
Merrett, N.R., 1991. Direct measurement of active dispersal of
food-falls by deep-sea demersal fishes. Nature, 351: 647−649.
Priede, I.G., Bagley, P.M., Smith, A., Creasey, S. and Merrett, N.R.,
1994a. Scavenging deep demersal fishes of the Porcupine Seabight,
north-east Atlantic: observations by baited camera, trap and trawl.
J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK, 74: 481−498.
Priede, I.G., Bagley, P.M. and Smith Jr., K.L., 1994b. Seasonal
change in activity of abyssal demersal scavenging grenadiers
Coryphaenoides (Nematonurus) armatus in the eastern North
Pacific Ocean. Limnol. Oceanogr., 39: 279−285.
Reichardt, W.T., 1987. Burial of Antarctic macroalgal debris
in bioturbated deep-sea sediments. Deep-Sea Res., 34A:
1761−1770.
Rex, M.A. and Etter, R.J., 1998. Bathymetric patterns in body size:
implications for biodiversity. Deep-Sea Res. II, 45: 103−127.
Rex, M.A. and War´ en, A., 1982. Planktotrophic development in deepsea prosobranch snails from the western North Atlantic. Deep-Sea
Res., 29A: 171−184.
Rice, A.L. and Lambshead, P.J.D., 1994. Patch dynamics in the
deep-sea benthos: the role of a heterogeneous supply of organic
matter. In: P.S. Giller, A.G. Hildrew and D.G. Raffaelli (Editors),
Aquatic Ecology: Scale, Pattern and Process. The 34th Symposium
of the British Ecological Society, University College, Cork, 1992.
Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 469–497.
Rice, A.L., Aldred, R.G., Billett, D.S.M. and Thurston, M.H., 1979.
The combined use of an epibenthic sledge and a deep-sea camera
give quantitative relevance to macro-benthos samples. Ambio Spec.
Rep., 6: 59−72.
Rice, A.L., Billett, D.S.M., Fry, J., John, A.W.G., Lampitt, R.S.,
Mantoura, R.F.C. and Morris, R.J., 1986. Seasonal deposition of
phytodetritus to the deep-sea floor. Proc. R. Soc. Edinburgh Sect. B,
88: 265−279.
Rice, A.L., Thurston, M.H. and New, A.L., 1990. Dense aggregations
of a hexactinelid sponge, Pheronema carpenteri, in the Porcupine
Seabight (northeast Atlantic Ocean), and possible causes. Prog.
Oceanogr., 24: 179−196.
Rice, A.L., Thurston, M.H. and Bett, B.J., 1994. The IOSDL
DEEPSEAS programme: introduction and photographic evidence
for the presence and absence of a seasonal input of phytodetritus
at contrasting abyssal sites in the northeastern Atlantic. Deep-Sea
Res. I, 41: 1305−1320.
Riemann, F., 1989. Gelatinous phytoplankton detritus aggregates on
the Atlantic deep-sea bed: structure and mode of formation. Mar.
Biol., 100: 533−539.
Riemann, F., 1993. The mouthless deep-sea nematode Rhaptothyreus
minor sp. nov. (Rhaptothyreidae, merithoid nematodes of uncertain
systematic position). Zool. Scr., 22: 341−346.
Riley, G.A., 1970. Particulate organic matter in sea water. Adv. Mar.
Biol., 8: 1−118.
Ritzrau, W., 1996. Microbial activity in the benthic boundary layer:
small scale distribution and its relationship to the hydrodynamic
regime. J. Sea Res., 36: 171−180.
Ritzrau, W. and Thomsen, L., 1997. Spatial distribution of particle
composition and microbial activity in the Benthic Boundary Layer
(BBL) of the North East Water Polyna. J. Mar. Syst., 10: 415−428.
Ritzrau, W., Thomsen, L., Lara, R. and Graf, G., 1997. Enhanced
microbial utilization of dissolved amino acids indicates rapid
modification of organic matter in the benthic boundary layer. Mar.
Ecol. Prog. Ser., 156: 43−50.
Rixen, T., Haake, B., Ittekkot, V., Gupta, M.V.S., Nair, R.R. and
Schl¨ ussel, P., 1996. Coupling between SW monsoon-related surface
and deep ocean processes as discerned from continuous particle