FOOD INPUTS, UTILIZATION, CARBON FLOW AND ENERGETICS
373
occurrences of large sponges (Porifera) in Faroe Island
(NE Atlantic) shelf and slope areas: characterisics, distribution
and possible causes. In: L.E. Hawkins, S. Hutchinson, A.C. Jensen,
M. Sheader and J.A. Watson (Editors), The Responses of Marine
Organisms to their Environments. University of Southampton,
Southampton, pp. 129–142.
Koslow, J.A., 1997. Seamounts and ecology of deep-sea fisheries.
Am. Sci., 85: 168−176.
Kranck, K. and Milligan, T.G., 1988. Macroflocs from diatoms: in situ
photography of particles in Bedford Basin, Nova Scotia. Mar. Ecol.
Prog. Ser., 44: 183−189.
LaBarbera, M., 1984. Feeding currents and particle capture
mechanisms in suspension feeding animals. Am. Zool., 24: 71−84.
Lambshead, P.J.D. and Hodda, M., 1994. The impact of disturbance
on measurements of variability in marine nematode populations.
Vie Milieu, 44: 21−27.
Lambshead, P.J.D., Ferrero, T.J. and Wolff, G.A., 1995. Comparison of
the vertical distribution of nematodes from two contrasting abyssal
sites in the northeast Atlantic subject to different seasonal inputs
of phytodetritus. Int. Rev. Gesamten Hydrobiol., 80: 327−331.
Lamont, P.A. and Gage, J.D., 1998. Dense brittle star population on
the Scottish continental slope. In: R. Mooi and M. Telford (Editors),
Echinoderms: San Francisco. Proceedings of Echinoderms
Conference, San Francisco, August, 1996. Balkema, Rotterdam,
pp. 377–382.
Lampitt, R.S., 1985. Evidence for the seasonal deposition of detritus
to the deep-sea floor and its subsequent resuspension. Deep-Sea
Res., 32A: 885−897.
Lampitt, R.S., 1990. Directly measured rapid growth of a deep-sea
barnacle. Nature, 345: 805−807.
Lampitt, R.S., 1996. Snow falls in the open ocean. In:
C.P. Summerhayes and S.A. Thorpe (Editors), Oceanography:
an Illustrated Guide, Ch. 7. Manson Publishing, Southampton
Oceanography Centre, Southampton, pp. 96–112.
Lampitt, R.S. and Antia, A.N., 1997. Particle flux in deep seas:
regional characteristics and temporal variability. Deep-Sea Res. I,
44: 1377−1403.
Lampitt, R.S. and Billett, D.S.M., 1984. Deep-sea echinoderms: a
time and motion study. In: B.F. Keegan and B.D.S. O’Connor
(Editors), Echinodermata – Proceedings of the Fifth International
Echinoderm Conference, Galway, 24 29 September, 1984.
Balkema, Rotterdam, p. 180.
Lampitt, R.S. and Paterson, G.L.J., 1987. The feeding behaviour of
an abyssal sea anemone from in situ time lapse photographs and
trawl samples. Oceanol. Acta, 10: 455−461.
Lampitt, R.S., Merrett, N.R. and Thurston, M.H., 1983. Inter-relations
of necrophagous amphipods, a fish predator, and tidal currents in
the deep sea. Mar. Biol., 74: 73−78.
Lampitt, R.S., Billett, D.S.M. and Rice, A.L., 1986. Biomass of the
invertebrate megabenthos from 500 to 4100 m in the northeast
Atlantic Ocean. Mar. Biol., 93: 69−81.
Lampitt, R.S., Wishner, K.F., Turley, C.M. and Angel, M.V., 1990.
Marine snow studies in the northeast Atlantic Ocean – distribution,
composition and role as a food source for migrating plankton. Mar.
Biol., 116: 689−702.
Lampitt, R.S., Hillier, W.R. and Challenor, P.G., 1993. Seasonal and
diel variation in the open ocean concentration of marine snow
aggregates. Nature, 362: 737−739.
Lampitt, R.S., Raine, R.C.T., Billett, D.S.M. and Rice, A.L., 1995.
Material supply to the European continental slope: a budget based
on benthic oxygen demand and organic supply. Deep-Sea Res. I,
42: 1865−1880.
Langer, M.R., Lipps, J.H. and Moreno, G., 1995. Predation on
foraminifera by the dentaliid deep-sea scaphopod Fissidentalium
megathyris. Deep-Sea Res. I, 42: 849−857.
Lauerman, L.M.L. and Kaufmann, R.S., 1998. Deep-sea epibenthic
echinoderms and a temporally varying food supply: results from
a one year time-series in the N.E. Pacific. Deep-Sea Res. II, 45:
817−842.
Lauerman, L.M.L., Kaufmann, R.S. and Smith Jr., K.L., 1996.
Distribution and abundance of epibenthic megafauna at a long
time-series station in the abyssal northeast Pacific. Deep-Sea Res. I,
43: 1075−1103.
Lauerman, L.M.L., Smoak, J.M., Shaw, T.J., Moore, W.S. and Smith
Jr., K.L., 1997. 234 Th and 210 Pb evidence for rapid ingestion of
settling particles by mobile epibenthic megafauna in the abyssal
NE Pacific. Limnol. Oceanogr., 42: 589−595.
Lawson, G.S., Tyler, P.A. and Young, C.M., 1993. Attraction of deepsea amphipods to macrophyte food falls. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol.,
169: 33−39.
Lawton, J.H., 1989. Food webs. In: J.M. Cherrett (Editor), Ecological
Concepts: The Contribution of Ecology to an Understanding of the
Natural World. Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 43–78..
Lazier, J.R.N. and Mann, K.H., 1989. Turbulence and diffusive layers
around small organisms. Deep-Sea Res., 36A: 1721−1733.
Leversee, G.L., 1976. Flow and feeding in fan-shaped colonies of
the gorgonian coral, Leptogorgia. Biol. Bull., 151: 344−356.
Levin, L.A. and Gooday, A.J., 1992. Possible roles for
xenophyophores in deep-sea carbon cycling. In: G.T. Rowe and
V. Pariente (Editors), Deep-Sea Food Chains and the Global
Carbon Cycle. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp. 93–104.
Levin, L.A. and Smith, C.R., 1984. Response of background fauna
to disturbance and enrichment in the deep sea: a sediment tray
experiment. Deep-Sea Res., 31A: 1277−1285.
Lipps, J.H., 1983. Biotic interactions in benthic foraminifera. In:
M.J.J. McCall and P.L. Tevesz (Editors), Biotic Interactions in
Recent and Fossil Benthic Communities. Plenum Press, New York,
pp. 331–376.
Litvinova, N.M. and Sokolova, M.N., 1971. Feeding of deepsea ophiuroids of the genus Amphiopiura. Okeanologya, 11. In
Russian. English translation by the Russian Translation Board of
the American Geophysical Union, pp. 240–247.
Lochte, K. and Turley, C.M., 1988. Bacteria and cyanobacteria
associated with phytodetritus in the deep sea. Nature, 333: 67−69.
Lohse, L., Helder, W., Epping, E.H.G. and Balzer, W., 1998.
Recycling of organic matter along a shelf–slope transect across
the N.W. European Continental Margin (Goban Spur). Prog.
Oceanogr., 42: 77−110.
Longhurst, A.R., 1995. Seasonal cycles of pelagic production and
consumption. Prog. Oceanogr., 36: 77−167.
Longhurst, A.R. and Harrison, G., 1989. Vertical nitrogen flux from
the oceanic euphotic zone by diel migrant zooplankton and nekton.
Deep-Sea Res., 35A: 881−889.
Longhurst, A.R., Sathyendranath, S., Platt, T. and Caverhill, C.M.,
1995. An estimate of global primary production in the ocean from
satellite radiometer data. J. Plankton Res., 17: 1245−1271.
Lopez, G.R. and Levinton, J.S., 1987. Ecology of deposit-feeding
animals in marine sediments. Q. Rev. Biol., 62: 235−260.
373
occurrences of large sponges (Porifera) in Faroe Island
(NE Atlantic) shelf and slope areas: characterisics, distribution
and possible causes. In: L.E. Hawkins, S. Hutchinson, A.C. Jensen,
M. Sheader and J.A. Watson (Editors), The Responses of Marine
Organisms to their Environments. University of Southampton,
Southampton, pp. 129–142.
Koslow, J.A., 1997. Seamounts and ecology of deep-sea fisheries.
Am. Sci., 85: 168−176.
Kranck, K. and Milligan, T.G., 1988. Macroflocs from diatoms: in situ
photography of particles in Bedford Basin, Nova Scotia. Mar. Ecol.
Prog. Ser., 44: 183−189.
LaBarbera, M., 1984. Feeding currents and particle capture
mechanisms in suspension feeding animals. Am. Zool., 24: 71−84.
Lambshead, P.J.D. and Hodda, M., 1994. The impact of disturbance
on measurements of variability in marine nematode populations.
Vie Milieu, 44: 21−27.
Lambshead, P.J.D., Ferrero, T.J. and Wolff, G.A., 1995. Comparison of
the vertical distribution of nematodes from two contrasting abyssal
sites in the northeast Atlantic subject to different seasonal inputs
of phytodetritus. Int. Rev. Gesamten Hydrobiol., 80: 327−331.
Lamont, P.A. and Gage, J.D., 1998. Dense brittle star population on
the Scottish continental slope. In: R. Mooi and M. Telford (Editors),
Echinoderms: San Francisco. Proceedings of Echinoderms
Conference, San Francisco, August, 1996. Balkema, Rotterdam,
pp. 377–382.
Lampitt, R.S., 1985. Evidence for the seasonal deposition of detritus
to the deep-sea floor and its subsequent resuspension. Deep-Sea
Res., 32A: 885−897.
Lampitt, R.S., 1990. Directly measured rapid growth of a deep-sea
barnacle. Nature, 345: 805−807.
Lampitt, R.S., 1996. Snow falls in the open ocean. In:
C.P. Summerhayes and S.A. Thorpe (Editors), Oceanography:
an Illustrated Guide, Ch. 7. Manson Publishing, Southampton
Oceanography Centre, Southampton, pp. 96–112.
Lampitt, R.S. and Antia, A.N., 1997. Particle flux in deep seas:
regional characteristics and temporal variability. Deep-Sea Res. I,
44: 1377−1403.
Lampitt, R.S. and Billett, D.S.M., 1984. Deep-sea echinoderms: a
time and motion study. In: B.F. Keegan and B.D.S. O’Connor
(Editors), Echinodermata – Proceedings of the Fifth International
Echinoderm Conference, Galway, 24 29 September, 1984.
Balkema, Rotterdam, p. 180.
Lampitt, R.S. and Paterson, G.L.J., 1987. The feeding behaviour of
an abyssal sea anemone from in situ time lapse photographs and
trawl samples. Oceanol. Acta, 10: 455−461.
Lampitt, R.S., Merrett, N.R. and Thurston, M.H., 1983. Inter-relations
of necrophagous amphipods, a fish predator, and tidal currents in
the deep sea. Mar. Biol., 74: 73−78.
Lampitt, R.S., Billett, D.S.M. and Rice, A.L., 1986. Biomass of the
invertebrate megabenthos from 500 to 4100 m in the northeast
Atlantic Ocean. Mar. Biol., 93: 69−81.
Lampitt, R.S., Wishner, K.F., Turley, C.M. and Angel, M.V., 1990.
Marine snow studies in the northeast Atlantic Ocean – distribution,
composition and role as a food source for migrating plankton. Mar.
Biol., 116: 689−702.
Lampitt, R.S., Hillier, W.R. and Challenor, P.G., 1993. Seasonal and
diel variation in the open ocean concentration of marine snow
aggregates. Nature, 362: 737−739.
Lampitt, R.S., Raine, R.C.T., Billett, D.S.M. and Rice, A.L., 1995.
Material supply to the European continental slope: a budget based
on benthic oxygen demand and organic supply. Deep-Sea Res. I,
42: 1865−1880.
Langer, M.R., Lipps, J.H. and Moreno, G., 1995. Predation on
foraminifera by the dentaliid deep-sea scaphopod Fissidentalium
megathyris. Deep-Sea Res. I, 42: 849−857.
Lauerman, L.M.L. and Kaufmann, R.S., 1998. Deep-sea epibenthic
echinoderms and a temporally varying food supply: results from
a one year time-series in the N.E. Pacific. Deep-Sea Res. II, 45:
817−842.
Lauerman, L.M.L., Kaufmann, R.S. and Smith Jr., K.L., 1996.
Distribution and abundance of epibenthic megafauna at a long
time-series station in the abyssal northeast Pacific. Deep-Sea Res. I,
43: 1075−1103.
Lauerman, L.M.L., Smoak, J.M., Shaw, T.J., Moore, W.S. and Smith
Jr., K.L., 1997. 234 Th and 210 Pb evidence for rapid ingestion of
settling particles by mobile epibenthic megafauna in the abyssal
NE Pacific. Limnol. Oceanogr., 42: 589−595.
Lawson, G.S., Tyler, P.A. and Young, C.M., 1993. Attraction of deepsea amphipods to macrophyte food falls. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol.,
169: 33−39.
Lawton, J.H., 1989. Food webs. In: J.M. Cherrett (Editor), Ecological
Concepts: The Contribution of Ecology to an Understanding of the
Natural World. Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 43–78..
Lazier, J.R.N. and Mann, K.H., 1989. Turbulence and diffusive layers
around small organisms. Deep-Sea Res., 36A: 1721−1733.
Leversee, G.L., 1976. Flow and feeding in fan-shaped colonies of
the gorgonian coral, Leptogorgia. Biol. Bull., 151: 344−356.
Levin, L.A. and Gooday, A.J., 1992. Possible roles for
xenophyophores in deep-sea carbon cycling. In: G.T. Rowe and
V. Pariente (Editors), Deep-Sea Food Chains and the Global
Carbon Cycle. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp. 93–104.
Levin, L.A. and Smith, C.R., 1984. Response of background fauna
to disturbance and enrichment in the deep sea: a sediment tray
experiment. Deep-Sea Res., 31A: 1277−1285.
Lipps, J.H., 1983. Biotic interactions in benthic foraminifera. In:
M.J.J. McCall and P.L. Tevesz (Editors), Biotic Interactions in
Recent and Fossil Benthic Communities. Plenum Press, New York,
pp. 331–376.
Litvinova, N.M. and Sokolova, M.N., 1971. Feeding of deepsea ophiuroids of the genus Amphiopiura. Okeanologya, 11. In
Russian. English translation by the Russian Translation Board of
the American Geophysical Union, pp. 240–247.
Lochte, K. and Turley, C.M., 1988. Bacteria and cyanobacteria
associated with phytodetritus in the deep sea. Nature, 333: 67−69.
Lohse, L., Helder, W., Epping, E.H.G. and Balzer, W., 1998.
Recycling of organic matter along a shelf–slope transect across
the N.W. European Continental Margin (Goban Spur). Prog.
Oceanogr., 42: 77−110.
Longhurst, A.R., 1995. Seasonal cycles of pelagic production and
consumption. Prog. Oceanogr., 36: 77−167.
Longhurst, A.R. and Harrison, G., 1989. Vertical nitrogen flux from
the oceanic euphotic zone by diel migrant zooplankton and nekton.
Deep-Sea Res., 35A: 881−889.
Longhurst, A.R., Sathyendranath, S., Platt, T. and Caverhill, C.M.,
1995. An estimate of global primary production in the ocean from
satellite radiometer data. J. Plankton Res., 17: 1245−1271.
Lopez, G.R. and Levinton, J.S., 1987. Ecology of deposit-feeding
animals in marine sediments. Q. Rev. Biol., 62: 235−260.