372
John D. GAGE
Vanaverbeke, J. and De Wilde, P.A.W.J., 2001. The role of the
benthic biota in sedimentary metabolism and sediment–water
exchange processes in the Goban Spur area (N.E. Atlantic). DeepSea Res. II, 48: 3223−3243.
Hill, P.S. and Nowell, A.R.M., 1990. The potential role of large,
fast-sinking particles in clearing nepheloid layers. Philos. Trans.
R. Soc. London Ser. A, 331: 103−117.
Hill, P.S., Nowell, A.R.M. and Jumars, P.A., 1992. Encounter rate by
turbulent shear of particles similar in diameter to the Kolnogorov
scale. J. Mar. Res., 50: 643−668.
Hobson, K.A. and Welch, H.E., 1992. Determination of trophic
relationships within a high Arctic marine food web. Mar. Ecol.
Prog. Ser., 84: 9−18.
Honjo, S., 1978. Sedimentation of materials in the Sargasso Sea at
a 5367 m deep station. J. Mar. Res., 36: 469−492.
Honjo, S., 1982. Seasonality and interaction of biogenic and
lithogenic particulate flux at the Panama Basin. Science, 218:
883−884.
Honjo, S. and Manganini, S.J., 1993. Annual biogenic particle fluxes
to the interior of the North Atlantic Ocean studied at 34ºN 21ºW
and 48ºN 21ºW. Deep-Sea Res. I, 40: 587−607.
Honjo, S., Doherty, K.W., Agrawal, Y.C. and Asper, V.L., 1984. Direct
optical assessment of large amorphous aggregates (marine snow)
in the deep ocean. Deep-Sea Res., 31A: 67−76.
Iken, K., Brey, T., Wand, U., Voigt, J. and Junghans, P., 2001. Food
web structure of the benthic community at Porcupine Abyssal
Plain (NE Atlantic): a stable isotope analysis. Prog. Oceanogr.,
50: 383−405.
Ingram, C.C. and Hessler, R.R., 1983. Distribution and behavior of
scavenging amphipods from the central North Pacific. Deep-Sea
Res., 30: 683−706.
Isaacs, J.D., 1969. The nature of oceanic life. Sci. Am., 175:
636−637.
Isaacs, J.D. and Schwartzlose, R.A., 1975. Active animals of the
deep-sea floor. Sci. Am., 233: 85−91.
Iseki, K., 1981. Particulate organic matter transport to the deep sea
by salp fecal pellets. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 5: 55−60.
Ivey, G.N. and Nokes, R.I., 1989. Vertical mixing due to the breaking
of critical internal waves on sloping boundaries. J. Fluid Mech.,
204: 479−500.
Jackson, G.A., 1990. A model of the formation of marine algal
flocs by physical coagulation processes. Deep-Sea Res., 37:
1197−1211.
Jahnke, R.A. and Jackson, G.A., 1987. Role of sea floor organisms
in oxygen consumption in the deep North Pacific Ocean. Nature,
329: 621−623.
Jahnke, R.A. and Jackson, G.A., 1992. The spatial distribution of sea
floor oxygen consumption in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. In:
G.T. Rowe and V. Pariente (Editors), Deep-Sea Food Chains and
the Global Carbon Cycle. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp. 295–307.
Jahnke, R.A., Reimers, C.E. and Craven, D.B., 1990. Intensification
of recycling of organic matter at the sea floor near oceanic margins.
Nature, 348: 50−54.
Jannasch, H.W. and Wirsen, C.O., 1973. Deep-sea microorganisms:
in situ response to nutrient enrichment. Science, 180: 641−643.
Jannasch, H.W., Eimhjellen, K., Wirsen, C.O. and Farmanfarmaian,
A., 1971. Microbial degradation of organic matter in the deep sea.
Science, 171: 672−675.
Jarre-Teichmann, A., Brey, T., Bathmann, U.V., Dahm, C.,
Dieckmann, G.S., Gorny, M., Klages, M., Pages, F., Pl¨ otz, J.,
Schnack-Schiel, S.B., Stiller, M. and Arntz, W.E., 1996. Trophic
flows in the benthic shelf community of the eastern Weddell
Sea, Antarctica. In: B. Battaglia, J. Valencia and D. Walton
(Editors), Antarctic Communities: Species Structure and Survival.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 118–134.
Jeffreys, J.G., 1869. The deep-sea dredging expedition of H.M.S.
‘Porcupine’. Nature, 1: 135−137.
Jelmert, A. and Oppen-Berntsen, D.A., 1996. Whaling and deep-sea
biodiversity. Conserv. Biol., 10: 653−654.
Johnson, D.L. and Richardson, P.L., 1977. On the wind-induced
sinking of Sargassum. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 28: 255−267.
Jones, E.G., Collins, M.A., Bagley, P.M., Addison, S.W. and
Priede, I.G., 1998. The fate of cetacean carcasses in the deep sea:
observations on consumption rates and succession of scavenging
species in the abyssal north-east Atlantic Ocean. Proc. R. Soc.
London Ser. B, 265: 1119−1127.
Jorissen, F.J., Wittling, I., Peypouquet, J.P., Rabouille, C. and
Relexans, J.C., 1998. Live benthic foraminiferal fauna off Cape
Blanc, NW-Africa: community structure and microhabitats. DeepSea Res. I, 45: 2157−2188.
Jumars, P.A. and Gallagher, E.D., 1982. Deep-sea community
structure: three plays on the benthic proscenium. In: W.G. Ernst and
J.G. Morin (Editors), The Environment of the Deep Sea. PrenticeHall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, pp. 217–255.
Jumars, P.A., Mayer, L.M., Deming, J.W., Baross, J.A. and
Wheatcroft, R.A., 1990. Deep-sea deposit feeding strategies
suggested by environmental and feeding constraints. Philos. Trans.
R. Soc. London Ser. A, 331: 85−101.
Karl, D.M., Knauer, G.A. and Martin, J.H., 1988. Downwards flux of
particulate organic matter in the ocean: a particle decomposition
paradox. Nature, 332: 438−441.
Karl, D.M., Christian, J.R., Dore, J.E., Hebel, D.V., Letelier, R.M.,
Tupas, L.M. and Winn, C.D., 1996. Seasonal and interannual
variability in primary production and particle flux at Station
ALOHA. Deep-Sea Res. II, 43: 539−568.
Karrh, R.R. and Miller, D.C., 1994. Functional response of a surfacedeposit feeder, Saccoglossus kowalevskii. Limnol. Oceanogr., 39:
1455−1464.
Katona, S. and Whitehead, H., 1988. Are cetacea ecologically
important? Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Annu. Rev., 26: 553−568.
Kaufmann, R.S. and Smith Jr., K.L., 1997. Activity patterns of mobile
epibenthic megafauna at an abyssal site in the eastern North Pacific:
results from a 17-month time-lapse photographic study. Deep-Sea
Res. II, 44: 559−579.
Kemp, A.E.S. and Baldauf, J.G., 1993. Vast Neogene laminated
diatom mat from the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean. Nature,
362: 141−143.
Kemp, P.F., 1987. Potential impact on bacteria of grazing by a
macrofaunal deposit-feeder, and the fate of bacterial production.
Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 36: 151−161.
Khripounoff, A. and Sibuet, M., 1980. La nutrition d’echinodermes
abyssaux I. Alimentation des holothuries. Mar. Biol., 60: 17−26.
Khripounoff, A., Crassous, P., Desbruy` eres, D. and Le Coz, J.R.,
1985. Le flux organique particulaire et ses transformations `
a
l’interface eau–s´ ediment. In: L. Laubier and C. Monniot (Editors),
Peuplements Profonds de Golfe de Gascogne. Institut Fran¸ caise de
Recherche pour L’Exploration de la Mer, Brest, pp. 101–118.
Klitgaard, A.B., Tendal, O.S. and Westerberg, H., 1996. Mass
John D. GAGE
Vanaverbeke, J. and De Wilde, P.A.W.J., 2001. The role of the
benthic biota in sedimentary metabolism and sediment–water
exchange processes in the Goban Spur area (N.E. Atlantic). DeepSea Res. II, 48: 3223−3243.
Hill, P.S. and Nowell, A.R.M., 1990. The potential role of large,
fast-sinking particles in clearing nepheloid layers. Philos. Trans.
R. Soc. London Ser. A, 331: 103−117.
Hill, P.S., Nowell, A.R.M. and Jumars, P.A., 1992. Encounter rate by
turbulent shear of particles similar in diameter to the Kolnogorov
scale. J. Mar. Res., 50: 643−668.
Hobson, K.A. and Welch, H.E., 1992. Determination of trophic
relationships within a high Arctic marine food web. Mar. Ecol.
Prog. Ser., 84: 9−18.
Honjo, S., 1978. Sedimentation of materials in the Sargasso Sea at
a 5367 m deep station. J. Mar. Res., 36: 469−492.
Honjo, S., 1982. Seasonality and interaction of biogenic and
lithogenic particulate flux at the Panama Basin. Science, 218:
883−884.
Honjo, S. and Manganini, S.J., 1993. Annual biogenic particle fluxes
to the interior of the North Atlantic Ocean studied at 34ºN 21ºW
and 48ºN 21ºW. Deep-Sea Res. I, 40: 587−607.
Honjo, S., Doherty, K.W., Agrawal, Y.C. and Asper, V.L., 1984. Direct
optical assessment of large amorphous aggregates (marine snow)
in the deep ocean. Deep-Sea Res., 31A: 67−76.
Iken, K., Brey, T., Wand, U., Voigt, J. and Junghans, P., 2001. Food
web structure of the benthic community at Porcupine Abyssal
Plain (NE Atlantic): a stable isotope analysis. Prog. Oceanogr.,
50: 383−405.
Ingram, C.C. and Hessler, R.R., 1983. Distribution and behavior of
scavenging amphipods from the central North Pacific. Deep-Sea
Res., 30: 683−706.
Isaacs, J.D., 1969. The nature of oceanic life. Sci. Am., 175:
636−637.
Isaacs, J.D. and Schwartzlose, R.A., 1975. Active animals of the
deep-sea floor. Sci. Am., 233: 85−91.
Iseki, K., 1981. Particulate organic matter transport to the deep sea
by salp fecal pellets. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 5: 55−60.
Ivey, G.N. and Nokes, R.I., 1989. Vertical mixing due to the breaking
of critical internal waves on sloping boundaries. J. Fluid Mech.,
204: 479−500.
Jackson, G.A., 1990. A model of the formation of marine algal
flocs by physical coagulation processes. Deep-Sea Res., 37:
1197−1211.
Jahnke, R.A. and Jackson, G.A., 1987. Role of sea floor organisms
in oxygen consumption in the deep North Pacific Ocean. Nature,
329: 621−623.
Jahnke, R.A. and Jackson, G.A., 1992. The spatial distribution of sea
floor oxygen consumption in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. In:
G.T. Rowe and V. Pariente (Editors), Deep-Sea Food Chains and
the Global Carbon Cycle. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp. 295–307.
Jahnke, R.A., Reimers, C.E. and Craven, D.B., 1990. Intensification
of recycling of organic matter at the sea floor near oceanic margins.
Nature, 348: 50−54.
Jannasch, H.W. and Wirsen, C.O., 1973. Deep-sea microorganisms:
in situ response to nutrient enrichment. Science, 180: 641−643.
Jannasch, H.W., Eimhjellen, K., Wirsen, C.O. and Farmanfarmaian,
A., 1971. Microbial degradation of organic matter in the deep sea.
Science, 171: 672−675.
Jarre-Teichmann, A., Brey, T., Bathmann, U.V., Dahm, C.,
Dieckmann, G.S., Gorny, M., Klages, M., Pages, F., Pl¨ otz, J.,
Schnack-Schiel, S.B., Stiller, M. and Arntz, W.E., 1996. Trophic
flows in the benthic shelf community of the eastern Weddell
Sea, Antarctica. In: B. Battaglia, J. Valencia and D. Walton
(Editors), Antarctic Communities: Species Structure and Survival.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 118–134.
Jeffreys, J.G., 1869. The deep-sea dredging expedition of H.M.S.
‘Porcupine’. Nature, 1: 135−137.
Jelmert, A. and Oppen-Berntsen, D.A., 1996. Whaling and deep-sea
biodiversity. Conserv. Biol., 10: 653−654.
Johnson, D.L. and Richardson, P.L., 1977. On the wind-induced
sinking of Sargassum. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 28: 255−267.
Jones, E.G., Collins, M.A., Bagley, P.M., Addison, S.W. and
Priede, I.G., 1998. The fate of cetacean carcasses in the deep sea:
observations on consumption rates and succession of scavenging
species in the abyssal north-east Atlantic Ocean. Proc. R. Soc.
London Ser. B, 265: 1119−1127.
Jorissen, F.J., Wittling, I., Peypouquet, J.P., Rabouille, C. and
Relexans, J.C., 1998. Live benthic foraminiferal fauna off Cape
Blanc, NW-Africa: community structure and microhabitats. DeepSea Res. I, 45: 2157−2188.
Jumars, P.A. and Gallagher, E.D., 1982. Deep-sea community
structure: three plays on the benthic proscenium. In: W.G. Ernst and
J.G. Morin (Editors), The Environment of the Deep Sea. PrenticeHall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, pp. 217–255.
Jumars, P.A., Mayer, L.M., Deming, J.W., Baross, J.A. and
Wheatcroft, R.A., 1990. Deep-sea deposit feeding strategies
suggested by environmental and feeding constraints. Philos. Trans.
R. Soc. London Ser. A, 331: 85−101.
Karl, D.M., Knauer, G.A. and Martin, J.H., 1988. Downwards flux of
particulate organic matter in the ocean: a particle decomposition
paradox. Nature, 332: 438−441.
Karl, D.M., Christian, J.R., Dore, J.E., Hebel, D.V., Letelier, R.M.,
Tupas, L.M. and Winn, C.D., 1996. Seasonal and interannual
variability in primary production and particle flux at Station
ALOHA. Deep-Sea Res. II, 43: 539−568.
Karrh, R.R. and Miller, D.C., 1994. Functional response of a surfacedeposit feeder, Saccoglossus kowalevskii. Limnol. Oceanogr., 39:
1455−1464.
Katona, S. and Whitehead, H., 1988. Are cetacea ecologically
important? Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Annu. Rev., 26: 553−568.
Kaufmann, R.S. and Smith Jr., K.L., 1997. Activity patterns of mobile
epibenthic megafauna at an abyssal site in the eastern North Pacific:
results from a 17-month time-lapse photographic study. Deep-Sea
Res. II, 44: 559−579.
Kemp, A.E.S. and Baldauf, J.G., 1993. Vast Neogene laminated
diatom mat from the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean. Nature,
362: 141−143.
Kemp, P.F., 1987. Potential impact on bacteria of grazing by a
macrofaunal deposit-feeder, and the fate of bacterial production.
Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 36: 151−161.
Khripounoff, A. and Sibuet, M., 1980. La nutrition d’echinodermes
abyssaux I. Alimentation des holothuries. Mar. Biol., 60: 17−26.
Khripounoff, A., Crassous, P., Desbruy` eres, D. and Le Coz, J.R.,
1985. Le flux organique particulaire et ses transformations `
a
l’interface eau–s´ ediment. In: L. Laubier and C. Monniot (Editors),
Peuplements Profonds de Golfe de Gascogne. Institut Fran¸ caise de
Recherche pour L’Exploration de la Mer, Brest, pp. 101–118.
Klitgaard, A.B., Tendal, O.S. and Westerberg, H., 1996. Mass