310
Carol T. STUART et al.
Paterson, G.L.J. and Lambshead, P.J.D., 1995. Bathymetric patterns
of polychaete diversity in the Rockall Trough, northeast Atlantic.
Deep-Sea Res. I, 42: 1199−1214.
Paterson, G.L.J., Thurston, M.H., Gage, J.D., Lamont, P.A. and Bett,
B.J., 1994. Patterns of polychaete assemblage structure from the
abyss: some preliminary observations from NE Atlantic abyssal
plains. Polychaete Res., 16: 16−19.
Paterson, G.L.J., Wilson, G.D.F., Cosson, N. and Lamont, P.A.,
1998. Hessler and Jumars (1974) revisited: abyssal polychaete
assemblages from the Atlantic and Pacific. Deep-Sea Res. II, 45:
225−251.
Pearson, T.H. and Rosenberg, R., 1978. Macrobenthic succession
in relation to organic enrichment and pollution in the marine
environment. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Annu. Rev., 16: 229−311.
Pineda, J.P., 1993. Boundary effects on the vertical ranges of deep-sea
benthic species. Deep-Sea Res. I, 40: 2179−2192.
Pineda, J.P. and Caswell, H., 1998. Bathymetric species-diversity
patterns and boundary constraints on vertical range distributions.
Deep-Sea Res. II, 45: 83−101.
Poore, G.C.B. and Wilson, G.D.F., 1993. Marine species richness.
Nature, 361: 597−598.
Rapoport, E.H., 1982. Areography: Geographical Strategies of
Species. Pergamon Press, New York, 269 pp.
Raymo, M.E., Carter, S., Oppo, D.W. and McManus, J.F., 1998.
Millennial-scale climate instability during the early Pleistocene
epoch. Nature, 392: 699−702.
Rex, M.A., 1973. Deep-sea species diversity: decreased gastropod
diversity at abyssal depths. Science, 181: 1051−1053.
Rex, M.A., 1976. Biological accommodation in the deep-sea
benthos: comparative evidence on the importance of predation
and productivity. Deep-Sea Res., 23: 975−987.
Rex, M.A., 1977. Zonation in deep-sea gastropods: the importance
of biological interactions to rates of zonation. In: B.F. Keegan, P.O.
Ceidigh and P.J.S. Boaden (Editors), Biology of Benthic Organisms.
Pergamon Press, New York, pp. 521–530.
Rex, M.A., 1981. Community structure in the deep-sea benthos.
Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 12: 331−353.
Rex, M.A., 1983. Geographic patterns of species diversity in the
deep-sea benthos. In: G.T. Rowe (Editor), The Sea, Vol. 8, DeepSea Biology. Wiley, New York, pp. 453–472.
Rex, M.A. and Etter, R.J., 1998. Bathymetric patterns of body
size: implications for deep-sea biodiversity. Deep-Sea Res. II, 45:
103−127.
Rex, M.A., Watts, M.C., Etter, R.J. and O’Neil, S., 1988. Character
variation in a complex of rissoid gastropods from the upper
continental slope of the western North Atlantic. Malacologia, 29:
325−339.
Rex, M.A., Stuart, C.T., Hessler, R.R., Allen, J.A., Sanders, H.L. and
Wilson, G.D.F., 1993. Global-scale latitudinal patterns of species
diversity in the deep-sea benthos. Nature, 365: 636−639.
Rex, M.A., Etter, R.J. and Stuart, C.T., 1997. Large-scale patterns
of species diversity in the deep-sea benthos. In: R.F.G. Ormond,
J.D. Gage and M.V. Angel (Editors), Marine Biodiversity: Patterns
and Processes. Cambridge University Press, London, pp. 94–121.
Rex, M.A., Etter, R.J., Clain, A.J. and Hill, M.S., 1999. Bathymetric
patterns of body size in deep-sea gastropods. Evolution, 53:
1298−1301.
Rex, M.A., Stuart, C.T. and Coyne, G., 2000. Latitudinal gradients
of species richness in the deep-sea benthos of the North Atlantic.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 97: 4082−4085.
Rex, M.A., Stuart, C.T. and Etter, R.J., 2001. Do deep-sea nematodes
show a positive latitudinal gradient of species diversity? The
potential role of depth. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 210: 297−298.
Rogers, A.D., 2000. The role of the oceanic oxygen minima in
generating biodiversity in the deep sea. Deep-Sea Res. II, 47:
119−148.
Rohling, E.J., Fenton, M., Jorissen, F.J., Bertrand, P., Ganssen, G.
and Caulet, J.P., 1998. Magnitudes of sea-level lowstands of the
past 500,000 years. Nature, 394: 162−165.
Rosenzweig, M.L., 1995. Species Diversity in Space and Time.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 436 pp.
Rothwell, R.G., Thomson, J. and Kahler, G., 1998. Low-sea-level
emplacement of a very large Late Pleistocene ‘megaturbidite’ in
the western Mediterranean Sea. Nature, 392: 377−380.
Rowe, G.T., 1983. Biomass and production of the deep-sea
macrobenthos. In: G.T. Rowe (Editor), The Sea. Wiley, New York,
pp. 97–121.
Rowe, G.T. and Pariente, V. (Editors), 1992. Deep-Sea Food Chains
and the Global Carbon Cycle. Kluwer, Dordrecht, 400 pp.
Roy, K., Jablonski, D. and Valentine, J.W., 1994. Eastern Pacific
molluscan provinces and latitudinal diversity gradient: no
evidence for “Rapoport’s rule”. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 91:
8871−8874.
Roy, K., Jablonski, D., Valentine, J.W. and Rosenberg, G., 1998.
Marine latitudinal diversity gradients: tests of causal hypotheses.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 95: 3699−3702.
Sanders, H.L., 1968. Marine benthic diversity: a comparative study.
Am. Nat., 102: 243−282.
Sanders, H.L., 1969. Benthic marine diversity and the stability-time
hypothesis. Brookhaven Symp. Biol., 22: 71−81.
Sanders, H.L. and Hessler, R.R., 1969. Ecology of the deep-sea
benthos. Science, 163: 1419−1424.
Sanders, H.L., Hessler, R.R. and Hampson, G.R., 1965. An
introduction to the study of deep-sea benthic faunal assemblages
along the Gay Head–Bermuda transect. Deep-Sea Res., 12:
845−867.
Sathyendranath, S., Longhurst, A.R., Caverhill, C.M. and Platt, T.,
1995. Regionally and seasonally differentiated primary production
in the North Atlantic. Deep-Sea Res. I, 42: 1773−1802.
Self, R.F.L. and Jumars, P.A., 1988. Cross-phyletic patterns of particle
selection by deposit feeders. J. Mar. Res., 46: 119−143.
Severinghaus, J.P., Sowers, T., Brook, E.J., Alley, R.B. and Bender,
M.L., 1998. Timing of abrupt climate change at the end of the
Younger Dryas interval from thermally fractionated gases in polar
ice. Nature, 391: 141−146.
Shackleton, N.J., Backman, J., Zimmerman, H., Kent, D.V., Hall,
M.A., Roberts, D.G., Schnitker, D., Baldauf, J.G., Desprairies,
A., Homrighausen, R., Huddlestun, P., Keene, J.B., Kaltenback,
A.J., Krimsiek, K.A.O., Morton, A.C., Murray, J.W. and WestbergSmith, J., 1984. Oxygen isotope calibration of the onset of icerafting and history of glaciation in the North Atlantic region.
Nature, 307: 620−623.
Smith, J.E., Risk, M.J., Schwarcz, H.P. and McConnaughey, T.A.,
1997. Rapid climate change in the North Atlantic during
the Younger Dryas recorded by deep-sea corals. Nature, 386:
818−820.
Steig, E.J., Brook, E.J., White, J.W.C., Sucher, C.M., Bender, M.L.,
Carol T. STUART et al.
Paterson, G.L.J. and Lambshead, P.J.D., 1995. Bathymetric patterns
of polychaete diversity in the Rockall Trough, northeast Atlantic.
Deep-Sea Res. I, 42: 1199−1214.
Paterson, G.L.J., Thurston, M.H., Gage, J.D., Lamont, P.A. and Bett,
B.J., 1994. Patterns of polychaete assemblage structure from the
abyss: some preliminary observations from NE Atlantic abyssal
plains. Polychaete Res., 16: 16−19.
Paterson, G.L.J., Wilson, G.D.F., Cosson, N. and Lamont, P.A.,
1998. Hessler and Jumars (1974) revisited: abyssal polychaete
assemblages from the Atlantic and Pacific. Deep-Sea Res. II, 45:
225−251.
Pearson, T.H. and Rosenberg, R., 1978. Macrobenthic succession
in relation to organic enrichment and pollution in the marine
environment. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Annu. Rev., 16: 229−311.
Pineda, J.P., 1993. Boundary effects on the vertical ranges of deep-sea
benthic species. Deep-Sea Res. I, 40: 2179−2192.
Pineda, J.P. and Caswell, H., 1998. Bathymetric species-diversity
patterns and boundary constraints on vertical range distributions.
Deep-Sea Res. II, 45: 83−101.
Poore, G.C.B. and Wilson, G.D.F., 1993. Marine species richness.
Nature, 361: 597−598.
Rapoport, E.H., 1982. Areography: Geographical Strategies of
Species. Pergamon Press, New York, 269 pp.
Raymo, M.E., Carter, S., Oppo, D.W. and McManus, J.F., 1998.
Millennial-scale climate instability during the early Pleistocene
epoch. Nature, 392: 699−702.
Rex, M.A., 1973. Deep-sea species diversity: decreased gastropod
diversity at abyssal depths. Science, 181: 1051−1053.
Rex, M.A., 1976. Biological accommodation in the deep-sea
benthos: comparative evidence on the importance of predation
and productivity. Deep-Sea Res., 23: 975−987.
Rex, M.A., 1977. Zonation in deep-sea gastropods: the importance
of biological interactions to rates of zonation. In: B.F. Keegan, P.O.
Ceidigh and P.J.S. Boaden (Editors), Biology of Benthic Organisms.
Pergamon Press, New York, pp. 521–530.
Rex, M.A., 1981. Community structure in the deep-sea benthos.
Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 12: 331−353.
Rex, M.A., 1983. Geographic patterns of species diversity in the
deep-sea benthos. In: G.T. Rowe (Editor), The Sea, Vol. 8, DeepSea Biology. Wiley, New York, pp. 453–472.
Rex, M.A. and Etter, R.J., 1998. Bathymetric patterns of body
size: implications for deep-sea biodiversity. Deep-Sea Res. II, 45:
103−127.
Rex, M.A., Watts, M.C., Etter, R.J. and O’Neil, S., 1988. Character
variation in a complex of rissoid gastropods from the upper
continental slope of the western North Atlantic. Malacologia, 29:
325−339.
Rex, M.A., Stuart, C.T., Hessler, R.R., Allen, J.A., Sanders, H.L. and
Wilson, G.D.F., 1993. Global-scale latitudinal patterns of species
diversity in the deep-sea benthos. Nature, 365: 636−639.
Rex, M.A., Etter, R.J. and Stuart, C.T., 1997. Large-scale patterns
of species diversity in the deep-sea benthos. In: R.F.G. Ormond,
J.D. Gage and M.V. Angel (Editors), Marine Biodiversity: Patterns
and Processes. Cambridge University Press, London, pp. 94–121.
Rex, M.A., Etter, R.J., Clain, A.J. and Hill, M.S., 1999. Bathymetric
patterns of body size in deep-sea gastropods. Evolution, 53:
1298−1301.
Rex, M.A., Stuart, C.T. and Coyne, G., 2000. Latitudinal gradients
of species richness in the deep-sea benthos of the North Atlantic.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 97: 4082−4085.
Rex, M.A., Stuart, C.T. and Etter, R.J., 2001. Do deep-sea nematodes
show a positive latitudinal gradient of species diversity? The
potential role of depth. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 210: 297−298.
Rogers, A.D., 2000. The role of the oceanic oxygen minima in
generating biodiversity in the deep sea. Deep-Sea Res. II, 47:
119−148.
Rohling, E.J., Fenton, M., Jorissen, F.J., Bertrand, P., Ganssen, G.
and Caulet, J.P., 1998. Magnitudes of sea-level lowstands of the
past 500,000 years. Nature, 394: 162−165.
Rosenzweig, M.L., 1995. Species Diversity in Space and Time.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 436 pp.
Rothwell, R.G., Thomson, J. and Kahler, G., 1998. Low-sea-level
emplacement of a very large Late Pleistocene ‘megaturbidite’ in
the western Mediterranean Sea. Nature, 392: 377−380.
Rowe, G.T., 1983. Biomass and production of the deep-sea
macrobenthos. In: G.T. Rowe (Editor), The Sea. Wiley, New York,
pp. 97–121.
Rowe, G.T. and Pariente, V. (Editors), 1992. Deep-Sea Food Chains
and the Global Carbon Cycle. Kluwer, Dordrecht, 400 pp.
Roy, K., Jablonski, D. and Valentine, J.W., 1994. Eastern Pacific
molluscan provinces and latitudinal diversity gradient: no
evidence for “Rapoport’s rule”. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 91:
8871−8874.
Roy, K., Jablonski, D., Valentine, J.W. and Rosenberg, G., 1998.
Marine latitudinal diversity gradients: tests of causal hypotheses.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 95: 3699−3702.
Sanders, H.L., 1968. Marine benthic diversity: a comparative study.
Am. Nat., 102: 243−282.
Sanders, H.L., 1969. Benthic marine diversity and the stability-time
hypothesis. Brookhaven Symp. Biol., 22: 71−81.
Sanders, H.L. and Hessler, R.R., 1969. Ecology of the deep-sea
benthos. Science, 163: 1419−1424.
Sanders, H.L., Hessler, R.R. and Hampson, G.R., 1965. An
introduction to the study of deep-sea benthic faunal assemblages
along the Gay Head–Bermuda transect. Deep-Sea Res., 12:
845−867.
Sathyendranath, S., Longhurst, A.R., Caverhill, C.M. and Platt, T.,
1995. Regionally and seasonally differentiated primary production
in the North Atlantic. Deep-Sea Res. I, 42: 1773−1802.
Self, R.F.L. and Jumars, P.A., 1988. Cross-phyletic patterns of particle
selection by deposit feeders. J. Mar. Res., 46: 119−143.
Severinghaus, J.P., Sowers, T., Brook, E.J., Alley, R.B. and Bender,
M.L., 1998. Timing of abrupt climate change at the end of the
Younger Dryas interval from thermally fractionated gases in polar
ice. Nature, 391: 141−146.
Shackleton, N.J., Backman, J., Zimmerman, H., Kent, D.V., Hall,
M.A., Roberts, D.G., Schnitker, D., Baldauf, J.G., Desprairies,
A., Homrighausen, R., Huddlestun, P., Keene, J.B., Kaltenback,
A.J., Krimsiek, K.A.O., Morton, A.C., Murray, J.W. and WestbergSmith, J., 1984. Oxygen isotope calibration of the onset of icerafting and history of glaciation in the North Atlantic region.
Nature, 307: 620−623.
Smith, J.E., Risk, M.J., Schwarcz, H.P. and McConnaughey, T.A.,
1997. Rapid climate change in the North Atlantic during
the Younger Dryas recorded by deep-sea corals. Nature, 386:
818−820.
Steig, E.J., Brook, E.J., White, J.W.C., Sucher, C.M., Bender, M.L.,