LARGE-SCALE SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL PATTERNS OF DEEP-SEA BENTHIC SPECIES DIVERSITY
309
Gage, J.D. and May, R.M., 1993. A dip in the deep seas. Nature,
365: 609−610.
Gage, J.D. and Tyler, P.A., 1991. Deep-Sea Biology. A Natural History
of Organisms at the Deep-Sea Floor. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, 504 pp.
Gaston, K.J., Blackburn, T.M. and Spicer, J.I., 1998. Rapoport’s rule:
time for an epitaph? Trends Ecol. Evol., 13: 70−74.
Gooday, A.J., Bett, B.J., Shires, R. and Lambshead, P.J.D., 1998. Deepsea benthic foraminiferal species diversity in the NE Atlantic and
NW Arabian Sea: a synthesis. Deep-Sea Res. II, 45: 165−201.
Grassle, J.F. and Maciolek, N.J., 1992. Deep-sea species richness:
regional and local diversity estimates from quantitative bottom
samples. Am. Nat., 139: 313−341.
Gray, J.S., 1994. Is deep-sea species diversity really so high? Species
diversity of the Norwegian continental shelf. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.,
112: 205−209.
Hess, S. and Kuhnt, W., 1996. Deep-sea benthic foraminiferal
recolonization of the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo ash layer in the South
China Sea. Mar. Micropaleontol., 28: 171−197.
Hessler, R.R. and Jumars, P.A., 1974. Abyssal community analysis
from replicate box cores in the central North Pacific. Deep-Sea
Res., 21: 185−209.
Hessler, R.R. and Sanders, H.L., 1967. Faunal diversity in the deep
sea. Deep-Sea Res., 14: 65−78.
Hochachka, P.W. and Somero, G.N., 1984. Biochemical Adaptation.
Princeton University Press, New Jersey, 537 pp.
Hurlbert, S.H., 1971. The nonconcept of species diversity: a critique
and alternative parameter. Ecology, 52: 577−586.
Huston, M., 1979. A general hypothesis of species diversity. Am.
Nat., 113: 81−101.
Isozaki, Y., 1997. Permo-Triassic boundary superanoxia and stratified
superocean: records from the lost deep sea. Science, 276:
235−238.
Jumars, P.A., 1976. Deep-sea species diversity. Does it have a
characteristic scale? J. Mar. Res., 34: 217−246.
Jumars, P.A. and Eckman, J.E., 1983. Spatial structure. In: G.T. Rowe
(Editor), The Sea. Wiley, New York, pp. 399–452.
Jumars, P.A. and Fauchald, K., 1977. Between-community contrasts
in successful polychaete feeding strategies. In: B.C. Coull (Editor),
Ecology of Marine Benthos. University of South Carolina Press,
Columbia, SC, pp. 1–20.
Jumars, P.A. and Gallagher, E.D., 1982. Deep-sea community
structure: three plays on the benthic proscenium. In: W. Ernst and
J. Morin (Editors), The Environment of the Deep Sea. PrenticeHall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, pp. 217–255.
Jumars, P.A. and Hessler, R.R., 1976. Hadal community structure:
implications from the Aleutian Trench. J. Mar. Res., 34: 547−560.
Kaiho, K., 1994. Planktonic and benthic foraminiferal extinction
events during the last 100 m.y. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol.
Palaeoecol., 111: 45−71.
Kennett, J.P. and Ingram, B.L., 1995. A 20,000-year record of ocean
circulation and climate damage from the Santa Barbara Basin.
Nature, 377: 510−514.
Kennett, J.P. and Stott, L.D., 1991. Abrupt deep-sea warming,
palaeoceanographic changes and benthic extinctions at the end
of the Palaeocene. Nature, 353: 225−229.
Knoll, A.H., Bambach, R.K., Canfield, D.E. and Grotzinger, J.P., 1996.
Comparative earth history and the Late Permian mass extinction.
Science, 273: 452−457.
Kotilainen, A.T. and Shackleton, N.J., 1995. Rapid climate variability
in the North Pacific Ocean during the past 95,000 years. Nature,
377: 323−326.
Lambshead, P.J.D., Tietjen, J.H., Ferrero, T.J. and Jensen, P., 2000.
Latitudinal diversity gradients in the deep sea with special
reference to North Atlantic nematodes. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 194:
159−167.
Levin, L.A. and Gage, J.D., 1998. Relationships between oxygen,
organic matter and the diversity of bathyal macrofauna. Deep-Sea
Res. II, 45: 129−163.
Levin, L.A., Plaia, G.R. and Huggett, C.L., 1994. The
influence of natural organic enhancement on life histories and
community structure of bathyal polychaetes. In: C.M. Young and
K.J. Eckelbarger (Editors), Reproduction, Larval Biology, and the
Recruitment of the Deep-Sea Benthos. Columbia University Press,
New York, pp. 261–283.
Levin, L.A., Etter, R.J., Rex, M.A., Gooday, A.J., Smith, C.R.,
Pineda, J.P., Stuart, C.T., Hessler, R.R. and Pawson, D.L., 2001.
Environmental influences on regional deep-sea species diversity.
Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 32: 51−93.
Levin, S.A., 1992. The problem of pattern and scale in ecology.
Ecology, 73: 1943−1967.
MacDonald, K.C., Fox, P.J., Perram, L.J., Eisen, M.F., Haymon, R.M.,
Miller, S.P., Carbotte, S.M., Cormier, M.-H. and Shor, A.N., 1988.
A new view of the mid-ocean ridge from the behavior of ridge-axis
discontinuities. Nature, 335: 217−225.
Maciolek, N.J., Grassle, J.F., Hecker, B., Brown, B., Blake, J.A.,
Boehm, P.D., Petrecca, R.F., Duffy, S., Baptiste, E. and Ruff, R.E.,
1987a. Study of Biological Processes on the US North Atlantic
Slope and Rise. Final Report. US Department of the Interior,
Minerals Management Service, Washington DC, 362 pp.
Maciolek, N.J., Grassle, J.F., Hecker, B., Boehm, P.D., Brown, B.,
Dade, B., Steinhauer, W.G., Baptiste, E., Ruff, R.E. and
Petrecca, R.F., 1987b. Study of Biological Processes on the US
Mid-Atlantic Slope and Rise. Final report. US Department of the
Interior, Minerals Management Service, Washington DC, 310 pp.
MacLeod, K.G. and Huber, B.T., 1996. Reorganization of deep ocean
circulation accompanying a Late Cretaceous extinction event.
Nature, 380: 422−425.
Magurran, A.E., 1988. Ecological Diversity and its Measurement.
Princeton University Press, Princeton, 179 pp.
Marchitto Jr., T.M., Curry, W.B. and Oppo, D.W., 1998. Millennialscale changes in North Atlantic circulation since the last glaciation.
Nature, 393: 557−561.
McGowan, J.A. and Walker, P.W., 1993. Pelagic diversity
patterns. In: R.W. Ricklefs and D. Schluter (Editors), Species
Diversity in Ecological Communities: Historical and Geographical
Perspectives. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 203–214.
McManus, J.F., Bond, G.C., Broecker, W.S., Johnsen, S., Labeyrie, L.
and Higgins, S., 1994. High-resolution climate records from the
North Atlantic during the last interglacial. Nature, 371: 326−329.
Mellor, C.A. and Paull, C.K., 1994. Seam Beam bathymetry of the
Manteo 467 Lease Block off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. DeepSea Res. II, 41: 711−718.
Oppo, D.W., McManus, J.F. and Cullen, J.L., 1998. Abrupt climate
events 500,000 to 340,000 years ago: evidence from subpolar North
Atlantic sediments. Science, 279: 1335−1338.
Osman, R.W. and Whitlatch, R.B., 1978. Patterns of species diversity:
fact or artifact? Paleobiology, 4: 41−54.
309
Gage, J.D. and May, R.M., 1993. A dip in the deep seas. Nature,
365: 609−610.
Gage, J.D. and Tyler, P.A., 1991. Deep-Sea Biology. A Natural History
of Organisms at the Deep-Sea Floor. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, 504 pp.
Gaston, K.J., Blackburn, T.M. and Spicer, J.I., 1998. Rapoport’s rule:
time for an epitaph? Trends Ecol. Evol., 13: 70−74.
Gooday, A.J., Bett, B.J., Shires, R. and Lambshead, P.J.D., 1998. Deepsea benthic foraminiferal species diversity in the NE Atlantic and
NW Arabian Sea: a synthesis. Deep-Sea Res. II, 45: 165−201.
Grassle, J.F. and Maciolek, N.J., 1992. Deep-sea species richness:
regional and local diversity estimates from quantitative bottom
samples. Am. Nat., 139: 313−341.
Gray, J.S., 1994. Is deep-sea species diversity really so high? Species
diversity of the Norwegian continental shelf. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.,
112: 205−209.
Hess, S. and Kuhnt, W., 1996. Deep-sea benthic foraminiferal
recolonization of the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo ash layer in the South
China Sea. Mar. Micropaleontol., 28: 171−197.
Hessler, R.R. and Jumars, P.A., 1974. Abyssal community analysis
from replicate box cores in the central North Pacific. Deep-Sea
Res., 21: 185−209.
Hessler, R.R. and Sanders, H.L., 1967. Faunal diversity in the deep
sea. Deep-Sea Res., 14: 65−78.
Hochachka, P.W. and Somero, G.N., 1984. Biochemical Adaptation.
Princeton University Press, New Jersey, 537 pp.
Hurlbert, S.H., 1971. The nonconcept of species diversity: a critique
and alternative parameter. Ecology, 52: 577−586.
Huston, M., 1979. A general hypothesis of species diversity. Am.
Nat., 113: 81−101.
Isozaki, Y., 1997. Permo-Triassic boundary superanoxia and stratified
superocean: records from the lost deep sea. Science, 276:
235−238.
Jumars, P.A., 1976. Deep-sea species diversity. Does it have a
characteristic scale? J. Mar. Res., 34: 217−246.
Jumars, P.A. and Eckman, J.E., 1983. Spatial structure. In: G.T. Rowe
(Editor), The Sea. Wiley, New York, pp. 399–452.
Jumars, P.A. and Fauchald, K., 1977. Between-community contrasts
in successful polychaete feeding strategies. In: B.C. Coull (Editor),
Ecology of Marine Benthos. University of South Carolina Press,
Columbia, SC, pp. 1–20.
Jumars, P.A. and Gallagher, E.D., 1982. Deep-sea community
structure: three plays on the benthic proscenium. In: W. Ernst and
J. Morin (Editors), The Environment of the Deep Sea. PrenticeHall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, pp. 217–255.
Jumars, P.A. and Hessler, R.R., 1976. Hadal community structure:
implications from the Aleutian Trench. J. Mar. Res., 34: 547−560.
Kaiho, K., 1994. Planktonic and benthic foraminiferal extinction
events during the last 100 m.y. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol.
Palaeoecol., 111: 45−71.
Kennett, J.P. and Ingram, B.L., 1995. A 20,000-year record of ocean
circulation and climate damage from the Santa Barbara Basin.
Nature, 377: 510−514.
Kennett, J.P. and Stott, L.D., 1991. Abrupt deep-sea warming,
palaeoceanographic changes and benthic extinctions at the end
of the Palaeocene. Nature, 353: 225−229.
Knoll, A.H., Bambach, R.K., Canfield, D.E. and Grotzinger, J.P., 1996.
Comparative earth history and the Late Permian mass extinction.
Science, 273: 452−457.
Kotilainen, A.T. and Shackleton, N.J., 1995. Rapid climate variability
in the North Pacific Ocean during the past 95,000 years. Nature,
377: 323−326.
Lambshead, P.J.D., Tietjen, J.H., Ferrero, T.J. and Jensen, P., 2000.
Latitudinal diversity gradients in the deep sea with special
reference to North Atlantic nematodes. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 194:
159−167.
Levin, L.A. and Gage, J.D., 1998. Relationships between oxygen,
organic matter and the diversity of bathyal macrofauna. Deep-Sea
Res. II, 45: 129−163.
Levin, L.A., Plaia, G.R. and Huggett, C.L., 1994. The
influence of natural organic enhancement on life histories and
community structure of bathyal polychaetes. In: C.M. Young and
K.J. Eckelbarger (Editors), Reproduction, Larval Biology, and the
Recruitment of the Deep-Sea Benthos. Columbia University Press,
New York, pp. 261–283.
Levin, L.A., Etter, R.J., Rex, M.A., Gooday, A.J., Smith, C.R.,
Pineda, J.P., Stuart, C.T., Hessler, R.R. and Pawson, D.L., 2001.
Environmental influences on regional deep-sea species diversity.
Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 32: 51−93.
Levin, S.A., 1992. The problem of pattern and scale in ecology.
Ecology, 73: 1943−1967.
MacDonald, K.C., Fox, P.J., Perram, L.J., Eisen, M.F., Haymon, R.M.,
Miller, S.P., Carbotte, S.M., Cormier, M.-H. and Shor, A.N., 1988.
A new view of the mid-ocean ridge from the behavior of ridge-axis
discontinuities. Nature, 335: 217−225.
Maciolek, N.J., Grassle, J.F., Hecker, B., Brown, B., Blake, J.A.,
Boehm, P.D., Petrecca, R.F., Duffy, S., Baptiste, E. and Ruff, R.E.,
1987a. Study of Biological Processes on the US North Atlantic
Slope and Rise. Final Report. US Department of the Interior,
Minerals Management Service, Washington DC, 362 pp.
Maciolek, N.J., Grassle, J.F., Hecker, B., Boehm, P.D., Brown, B.,
Dade, B., Steinhauer, W.G., Baptiste, E., Ruff, R.E. and
Petrecca, R.F., 1987b. Study of Biological Processes on the US
Mid-Atlantic Slope and Rise. Final report. US Department of the
Interior, Minerals Management Service, Washington DC, 310 pp.
MacLeod, K.G. and Huber, B.T., 1996. Reorganization of deep ocean
circulation accompanying a Late Cretaceous extinction event.
Nature, 380: 422−425.
Magurran, A.E., 1988. Ecological Diversity and its Measurement.
Princeton University Press, Princeton, 179 pp.
Marchitto Jr., T.M., Curry, W.B. and Oppo, D.W., 1998. Millennialscale changes in North Atlantic circulation since the last glaciation.
Nature, 393: 557−561.
McGowan, J.A. and Walker, P.W., 1993. Pelagic diversity
patterns. In: R.W. Ricklefs and D. Schluter (Editors), Species
Diversity in Ecological Communities: Historical and Geographical
Perspectives. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 203–214.
McManus, J.F., Bond, G.C., Broecker, W.S., Johnsen, S., Labeyrie, L.
and Higgins, S., 1994. High-resolution climate records from the
North Atlantic during the last interglacial. Nature, 371: 326−329.
Mellor, C.A. and Paull, C.K., 1994. Seam Beam bathymetry of the
Manteo 467 Lease Block off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. DeepSea Res. II, 41: 711−718.
Oppo, D.W., McManus, J.F. and Cullen, J.L., 1998. Abrupt climate
events 500,000 to 340,000 years ago: evidence from subpolar North
Atlantic sediments. Science, 279: 1335−1338.
Osman, R.W. and Whitlatch, R.B., 1978. Patterns of species diversity:
fact or artifact? Paleobiology, 4: 41−54.