THE POLAR DEEP SEAS
259
Pacific. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, pp. 89–
132.
Manley, T.O. and Smith, W.O., 1994. Transport of biogenic matter
to depth within the Greenland Sea. In: O.M. Johannessen, R.D.
Muench and J.E. Overland (Editors), The Polar Oceans and Their
Role in Shaping the Global Environment. Geophys. Monogr. Am.
Geophys. Union, 85: 223−236.
Marincovich, L., Brouwers, E.M., Hopkins, D.M. and McKenna,
M.C., 1990. Late Mesozoic and Cenozoic paleogeographic and
paleoclimatic history of the Arctic Ocean Basin, based on shallowwater marine faunas and terrestrial vertebrates. In: A. Grantz,
L. Johnson and J.F. Sweeney (Editors), The Arctic Ocean Region.
Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO, pp. 403–426.
Marshall, N.B., 1982. Glimpses into deep-sea biology. In: L. Rey
(Editor), The Arctic Ocean: The Hydrographic Environment and
the Fate of Pollutants. Macmillan, London, pp. 263–272.
Matheke, G.E.M. and Horner, R.A., 1974. Primary productivity of
the benthic microalgae in the Chukchi Sea near Barrow, Alaska.
J. Fish. Res. Board Can., 31: 1779−1786.
Menzies, R.J., George, R.Y. and Rowe, G.T., 1973. Abyssal
Environment and Ecology of the World’s Oceans. Wiley, New York,
488 pp.
Merrett, N.R. and Haedrich, R.L., 1997. Deep-Sea Demersal Fish
and Fisheries. Chapman and Hall, London, 282 pp.
Moran, S.B., Ellis, K.M. and Smith, J.N., 1997. 234 TH/ 238 U
disequilibrium in the central Arctic Ocean: implications for
particulate organic carbon export. Deep-Sea Res. II, 44:
1593−1606.
Neaverson, E., 1934. The sea-floor deposits. General character and
distribution. Discovery Rep., 9: 295−350.
Nesis, K.N., 1984. A hypothesis on the origin of western and eastern
Arctic distribution of areas of marine bottom animals. Sov. J. Mar.
Biol., 9: 235−243.
Osmond, J.K., Scott, M.R. and Anderson, J.B., 1971. Deep-sea
accumulation rates near Antarctica. Antarct. J. USA, 6: 170−171.
Patterson, S.L. and Whitworth, T., 1990. Physical oceanography.
In: G.P. Glasby (Editor), Antarctic Sector of the Pacific. Elsevier,
Amsterdam, pp. 55–93.
Paul, A.Z. and Menzies, R.J., 1974. Benthic ecology of the high
Arctic deep-sea. Mar. Biol., 27: 251−262.
Pfannkuche, O. and Thiel, H., 1987. Meiobenthic standing stocks
and benthic activity on the NE-Svalbard Shelf and in the Nansen
Basin. Polar Biol., 7: 253−266.
Philippi, E., 1910. Die Grundproben der Deutschen S¨ udpolarExpedition, 1901–1903. Dtsch. S¨ udpol. Exped. Bd II Geor. Geol.,
411−616.
Pirie, J.H.H., 1913. Deep-sea deposits of the Scottish National
Antarctic Expedition. Trans. R. Soc. Edinburgh, 49: 645−686.
Prance, G.T., 1994. A comparison of the efficacy of higher taxa and
species numbers in the assessment of biodiversity in the neotropics.
In: D.L. Hawksworth (Editor), Biodiversity: Measurement and
Estimation. Chapman and Hall, London, pp. 89–99.
Rex, M.A., Stuart, C.T., Hessler, R.R., Allen, J.A., Sanders, H.L. and
Wilson, G.D.F., 1993. Global-scale latitudinal patterns of species
diversity in the deep-sea benthos. Nature, 365: 636−639.
Rex, M.A., Etter, R.J. and Stuart, C.T., 1997. Large-scale patterns
of species diversity in the deep-sea benthos. In: R.F.G. Ormond,
J.D. Gage and M.V. Angel (Editors), Marine Biodiversity: Patterns
and Processes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 94–
121.
Rowe, G.T., 1971. Benthic biomass and surface productivity. In:
J.D. Costlow (Editor), Fertility of the Sea. Gordon and Breach,
New York, pp. 441–454.
Roy, K., Jablonski, D. and Valentine, J.W., 1996. Higher taxa in
biodiversity studies: patterns from eastern Pacific marine molluscs.
Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. B, 351: 1605−1613.
Rudels, B., Jones, E.P., Anderson, L.G. and Kattner, G., 1994.
On the intermediate depth waters of the Arctic Ocean. In:
O.M. Johannessen, R.D. Muench and J.E. Overland (Editors), The
Polar Oceans and Their Role in Shaping the Global Environment.
Geophys. Monogr. Am. Geophys. Union, 85: 33−46.
Samuel, P., Johannessen, J.A. and Johannessen, O.M., 1994.
A study on the inflow of Atlantic water to the GIN Sea using
GEOSAT altimeter data. In: O.M. Johannessen, R.D. Muench
and J.E. Overland (Editors), The Polar Oceans and Their Role in
Shaping the Global Environment. Geophys. Monogr. Am. Geophys.
Union, 85: 95−108.
Smith, W.O. and Sakshaug, E., 1990. Polar phytoplankton. In: W.O.
Smith (Editor), Polar Oceanography, Part B: Chemistry, Biology
and Geology. Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 477–525.
Smith, W.O., Keene, N.K. and Comiso, J.C., 1988. Interannual
variability in estimated primary productivity of the Antarctic
marginal ice zone. In: D. Sahrhage (Editor), Antarctic Ocean and
Resources Variability. Springer, Berlin, pp. 131–139.
Sokolova, M.N., 1994. Euphausiid “dead body rain” as a source of
food for abyssal benthos. Deep-Sea Res., 41: 741−746.
Sokolova, M.N., 1997. Trophic structure of abyssal macrobenthos.
Adv. Mar. Biol., 32: 425−525.
Soltwedel, T. and Schewe, I., 1998. Activity and biomass of the small
benthic biota under permanent ice-coverage in the central Arctic
Ocean. Polar Biol., 19: 52−62.
Stein, R., 1996. Organic-carbon and carbonate distribution in
Eurasian continental margin and Arctic Ocean deep-sea surface
sediments: sources and pathways. Ber. Polarforsch., 212:
243−267.
Stein, R., Grobe, H. and Wahsner, M., 1994. Organic carbon,
carbonate and clay mineral distributions in eastern central Arctic
Ocean surface sediments. Mar. Geol., 119: 333−355.
Stuart, C.T. and Rex, M.A., 1994. The relationship between
developmental pattern and species diversity in deep-sea
prosobranch snails. In: C.M. Young and K.J. Eckelbarger (Editors),
Reproduction, Larval Biology, and Recruitment of the Deep-Sea
Benthos. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 118–136.
Svavarsson, J., 1997. Diversity of isopods (Crustacea): new data from
the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans. Biodiv. Conserv., 6: 1571−1579.
Svavarsson, J., Str¨ omberg, J.-O. and Brattegard, T., 1993. The deepsea asellote (Isopoda, Crustacea) fauna of the Northern Seas:
species composition, distributional patterns and origin. J. Biogeogr.,
20: 537−555.
Thorson, G., 1957. Bottom communities (sublittoral or shallow
shelf). In: J.W. Hedgpeth (Editor), Treatise on Marine Ecology and
Paleoecology. Geological Society of America, New York, pp. 461–
534.
Vassilenko, S.V., 1989. Arctic Ocean Cumacea. In: Y. Hermann
(Editor), The Arctic Seas: Climatology, Oceanography, Geology
and Biology. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, pp. 431–444.
Vinogradova, N.G., 1959. The zoogeographical distribution of the
259
Pacific. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, pp. 89–
132.
Manley, T.O. and Smith, W.O., 1994. Transport of biogenic matter
to depth within the Greenland Sea. In: O.M. Johannessen, R.D.
Muench and J.E. Overland (Editors), The Polar Oceans and Their
Role in Shaping the Global Environment. Geophys. Monogr. Am.
Geophys. Union, 85: 223−236.
Marincovich, L., Brouwers, E.M., Hopkins, D.M. and McKenna,
M.C., 1990. Late Mesozoic and Cenozoic paleogeographic and
paleoclimatic history of the Arctic Ocean Basin, based on shallowwater marine faunas and terrestrial vertebrates. In: A. Grantz,
L. Johnson and J.F. Sweeney (Editors), The Arctic Ocean Region.
Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO, pp. 403–426.
Marshall, N.B., 1982. Glimpses into deep-sea biology. In: L. Rey
(Editor), The Arctic Ocean: The Hydrographic Environment and
the Fate of Pollutants. Macmillan, London, pp. 263–272.
Matheke, G.E.M. and Horner, R.A., 1974. Primary productivity of
the benthic microalgae in the Chukchi Sea near Barrow, Alaska.
J. Fish. Res. Board Can., 31: 1779−1786.
Menzies, R.J., George, R.Y. and Rowe, G.T., 1973. Abyssal
Environment and Ecology of the World’s Oceans. Wiley, New York,
488 pp.
Merrett, N.R. and Haedrich, R.L., 1997. Deep-Sea Demersal Fish
and Fisheries. Chapman and Hall, London, 282 pp.
Moran, S.B., Ellis, K.M. and Smith, J.N., 1997. 234 TH/ 238 U
disequilibrium in the central Arctic Ocean: implications for
particulate organic carbon export. Deep-Sea Res. II, 44:
1593−1606.
Neaverson, E., 1934. The sea-floor deposits. General character and
distribution. Discovery Rep., 9: 295−350.
Nesis, K.N., 1984. A hypothesis on the origin of western and eastern
Arctic distribution of areas of marine bottom animals. Sov. J. Mar.
Biol., 9: 235−243.
Osmond, J.K., Scott, M.R. and Anderson, J.B., 1971. Deep-sea
accumulation rates near Antarctica. Antarct. J. USA, 6: 170−171.
Patterson, S.L. and Whitworth, T., 1990. Physical oceanography.
In: G.P. Glasby (Editor), Antarctic Sector of the Pacific. Elsevier,
Amsterdam, pp. 55–93.
Paul, A.Z. and Menzies, R.J., 1974. Benthic ecology of the high
Arctic deep-sea. Mar. Biol., 27: 251−262.
Pfannkuche, O. and Thiel, H., 1987. Meiobenthic standing stocks
and benthic activity on the NE-Svalbard Shelf and in the Nansen
Basin. Polar Biol., 7: 253−266.
Philippi, E., 1910. Die Grundproben der Deutschen S¨ udpolarExpedition, 1901–1903. Dtsch. S¨ udpol. Exped. Bd II Geor. Geol.,
411−616.
Pirie, J.H.H., 1913. Deep-sea deposits of the Scottish National
Antarctic Expedition. Trans. R. Soc. Edinburgh, 49: 645−686.
Prance, G.T., 1994. A comparison of the efficacy of higher taxa and
species numbers in the assessment of biodiversity in the neotropics.
In: D.L. Hawksworth (Editor), Biodiversity: Measurement and
Estimation. Chapman and Hall, London, pp. 89–99.
Rex, M.A., Stuart, C.T., Hessler, R.R., Allen, J.A., Sanders, H.L. and
Wilson, G.D.F., 1993. Global-scale latitudinal patterns of species
diversity in the deep-sea benthos. Nature, 365: 636−639.
Rex, M.A., Etter, R.J. and Stuart, C.T., 1997. Large-scale patterns
of species diversity in the deep-sea benthos. In: R.F.G. Ormond,
J.D. Gage and M.V. Angel (Editors), Marine Biodiversity: Patterns
and Processes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 94–
121.
Rowe, G.T., 1971. Benthic biomass and surface productivity. In:
J.D. Costlow (Editor), Fertility of the Sea. Gordon and Breach,
New York, pp. 441–454.
Roy, K., Jablonski, D. and Valentine, J.W., 1996. Higher taxa in
biodiversity studies: patterns from eastern Pacific marine molluscs.
Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. B, 351: 1605−1613.
Rudels, B., Jones, E.P., Anderson, L.G. and Kattner, G., 1994.
On the intermediate depth waters of the Arctic Ocean. In:
O.M. Johannessen, R.D. Muench and J.E. Overland (Editors), The
Polar Oceans and Their Role in Shaping the Global Environment.
Geophys. Monogr. Am. Geophys. Union, 85: 33−46.
Samuel, P., Johannessen, J.A. and Johannessen, O.M., 1994.
A study on the inflow of Atlantic water to the GIN Sea using
GEOSAT altimeter data. In: O.M. Johannessen, R.D. Muench
and J.E. Overland (Editors), The Polar Oceans and Their Role in
Shaping the Global Environment. Geophys. Monogr. Am. Geophys.
Union, 85: 95−108.
Smith, W.O. and Sakshaug, E., 1990. Polar phytoplankton. In: W.O.
Smith (Editor), Polar Oceanography, Part B: Chemistry, Biology
and Geology. Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 477–525.
Smith, W.O., Keene, N.K. and Comiso, J.C., 1988. Interannual
variability in estimated primary productivity of the Antarctic
marginal ice zone. In: D. Sahrhage (Editor), Antarctic Ocean and
Resources Variability. Springer, Berlin, pp. 131–139.
Sokolova, M.N., 1994. Euphausiid “dead body rain” as a source of
food for abyssal benthos. Deep-Sea Res., 41: 741−746.
Sokolova, M.N., 1997. Trophic structure of abyssal macrobenthos.
Adv. Mar. Biol., 32: 425−525.
Soltwedel, T. and Schewe, I., 1998. Activity and biomass of the small
benthic biota under permanent ice-coverage in the central Arctic
Ocean. Polar Biol., 19: 52−62.
Stein, R., 1996. Organic-carbon and carbonate distribution in
Eurasian continental margin and Arctic Ocean deep-sea surface
sediments: sources and pathways. Ber. Polarforsch., 212:
243−267.
Stein, R., Grobe, H. and Wahsner, M., 1994. Organic carbon,
carbonate and clay mineral distributions in eastern central Arctic
Ocean surface sediments. Mar. Geol., 119: 333−355.
Stuart, C.T. and Rex, M.A., 1994. The relationship between
developmental pattern and species diversity in deep-sea
prosobranch snails. In: C.M. Young and K.J. Eckelbarger (Editors),
Reproduction, Larval Biology, and Recruitment of the Deep-Sea
Benthos. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 118–136.
Svavarsson, J., 1997. Diversity of isopods (Crustacea): new data from
the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans. Biodiv. Conserv., 6: 1571−1579.
Svavarsson, J., Str¨ omberg, J.-O. and Brattegard, T., 1993. The deepsea asellote (Isopoda, Crustacea) fauna of the Northern Seas:
species composition, distributional patterns and origin. J. Biogeogr.,
20: 537−555.
Thorson, G., 1957. Bottom communities (sublittoral or shallow
shelf). In: J.W. Hedgpeth (Editor), Treatise on Marine Ecology and
Paleoecology. Geological Society of America, New York, pp. 461–
534.
Vassilenko, S.V., 1989. Arctic Ocean Cumacea. In: Y. Hermann
(Editor), The Arctic Seas: Climatology, Oceanography, Geology
and Biology. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, pp. 431–444.
Vinogradova, N.G., 1959. The zoogeographical distribution of the