THE POLAR DEEP SEAS
257
Arctic Seas: Climatology, Oceanography, Geology and Biology.
Van Nostrand, Reinhold, New York, pp. 147–191.
Anderson, J.B., 1990. Sediments. In: G.P. Glasby (Editor), Antarctic
Sector of the Pacific. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 187–206.
Anderson, J.B., Bartek, L.R. and Thomas, M.A., 1991. Seismic
and sedimentological record of glacial events on the Antarctic
Peninsula Shelf. In: M.R.A. Thomson, J.A. Crame and
J.W. Thomson (Editors), Geological Evolution of Antarctica.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 687–691.
Angel, M.V., 1997. Pelagic biodiversity. In: R.F.G. Ormond, J.D.
Gage and M.V. Angel (Editors), Marine Biodiversity: Patterns and
Processes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 35–68.
Anisimova, N.A., 1989. Distributional patterns of echinoderms in the
Eurasian sector of the Arctic Ocean. In: Y. Herman (Editor), The
Arctic Seas: Climatology, Oceanography, Geology and Biology.
Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, pp. 281–301.
Arnaud, P.M. and Bandel, K., 1976. Comments on six species of
marine Antarctic Littorinacea (Mollusca, Gastropoda). Tethys, 8:
213−230.
Arntz, W.E., Brey, T. and Gallardo, V.A., 1994. Antarctic zoobenthos.
Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Annu. Rev., 32: 241−303.
Boetius, A., Grahl, C., Kr¨ oncke, I., Liebezeit, G. and N¨ othig, E.-M.,
1996. Distribution of plant pigments in surface sediments of the
Eastern Arctic. Ber. Polarforsch., 212: 213−218.
Brandt, A., 1991. Zur Besiedlungsgeschichte des antarktischen
Shelfes am Beispiel der Isopoda (Crustacea, Malacostraca). Ber.
Polarforsch., 98: 1−240.
Brandt, A., 1992. Origin of Antarctic Isopoda (Crustacea
Malacostraca). Mar. Biol., 113: 415−423.
Brandt, A., 1997. Biodiversity of peracarid crustaceans (Malacostraca) from the shelf down to the deep Arctic Ocean. Biodiv.
Conserv., 6: 1533−1556.
Brey, T. and Gerdes, D., 1998. High Antarctic macrobenthic
community production. J. Exp. Nar. Biol. Ecol., 231: 191−200.
Brey, T., Dahm, C., Gorny, M., Klages, M., Stiller, M. and Arntz,
W.E., 1996. Do Antarctic benthic invertebrates show an extended
level of eurybathy? Antarct. Sci., 8: 3−6.
Bullivant, J.S., 1959. An oceanographic survey of the Ross Sea.
Nature, 184: 422−423.
Bullivant, J.S., 1967. Ecology of the Ross Sea benthos. The fauna of
the Ross Sea, Part V. N.Z. Oceanogr. Inst. Mem., 32: 49−75.
Carmack, E.C., 1990. Large-scale physical oceanography of polar
oceans. In: W.O. Smith (Editor), Polar Oceanography, Part A:
Physical Science. Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 171–222.
Carsey, F.D. and Roach, A.T., 1994. Oceanic convection in the
Greenland Sea Odden Region as interpreted in satellite data. In:
O.M. Johannessen, R.D. Muench and J.E. Overland (Editors), The
Polar Oceans and Their Role in Shaping the Global Environment.
Geophys. Monogr. Am. Geophys. Union, 85: 211−222.
Clark, D.L., 1974. Late Mesozoic and Early Cenozoic sediment cores
from the Arctic Ocean. Geology, 2: 41−44.
Clark, D.L., Whitman, R.R., Morgan, K.A. and Mackey, S.D., 1980.
Stratigraphy and glacial-marine sediments of the Amerasian Basin,
central Arctic Ocean. Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Paper, 181: 1−57.
Clarke, A., 1992. Is there a latitudinal diversity cline in the sea?
Trends Ecol. Evol., 7: 286−287.
Clarke, A. and Crame, J.A., 1989. The origin of the Southern Ocean
marine fauna. In: J.A. Crame (Editor), Origins and Evolution of
the Antarctic Biota. Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ., 47: 253−268.
Clarke, A. and Crame, J.A., 1997. Diversity, latitude and time:
patterns in the shallow sea. In: R.F.G. Ormond, J.D. Gage and
M.V. Angel (Editors), Marine Biodiversity: Patterns and Processes.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 122–147.
Clarke, A. and Holmes, L.J., 1987. Notes on the biology and
distribution of Pasiphaea species from the Southern Ocean. Bull.
Br. Antarct. Surv., 74: 17−30.
Clarke, A. and Johnston, I.A., 1996. Evolution and adaptive radiation
of Antarctic fishes. Trends Ecol. Evol., 11: 212−218.
Clough, L.M., Ambrose, W.G., Cochran, J.K., Barnes, C.,
Renaud, P.E. and Aller, R.C., 1997. Infaunal density, biomass
and bioturbation in the sediments of the Arctic Ocean. Deep-Sea
Res. II, 44: 1683−1704.
Crame, J.A. and Clarke, A., 1997. The historical component of marine
taxonomic diversity gradients. In: R.F.G. Ormond, J.D. Gage and
M.V. Angel (Editors), Marine Biodiversity: Patterns and Processes.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 258–273.
Cranston, R.E., 1997. Organic carbon burial rates across the Arctic
Ocean from the 1994 Arctic Ocean Section expedition. Deep-Sea
Res. II, 44: 1705−1723.
Dahl, E., Laubier, L., Sibuet, M. and Str¨ omberg, J.-O., 1976. Some
quantitative results on benthic communities of the deep Norwegian
Sea. Astarte, 9: 61−79.
Dangeard, L., Vanney, J.R. and Johnson, G.L., 1977. Affleurements,
courants et faci´ es dans la zone antarctique du Pacifique oriental
(Mers du Bellingshausen et d’Amundsen). Ann. Inst. Oceanogr.
Paris, 53: 105−124.
Darby, D.A., Naidu, A.S., Mowatt, T.C. and Jones, G., 1989. Sediment
composition and sedimentary processes in the Arctic Ocean. In:
Y. Hermann (Editor), The Arctic Seas: Climatology, Oceanography,
Geology and Biology. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, pp. 657–
720.
Dearborn, J.H., Ferrari, F.D. and Edwards, K.C., 1986. Can
pelagic aggregations cause benthic satiation? Feeding biology
of the Antarctic brittle star Astrotoma agassizii (Echinodermata:
Ophiuroidea). Antarct. Res. Ser., 44: 1−28.
Dell, R.K., 1972. Antarctic benthos. Adv. Mar. Biol., 10: 1−216.
Douglas, G.W. and Campbell-Smith, W., 1930. Zavodovski Island, and
notes on rock fragments dredged in the Weddell Sea. In: W.C. Smith
(Editor), Report on the Geological Collections made during the
Voyage of the ‘Quest’ on the Shackleton–Rowett Expedition to
the South Atlantic and Weddell Sea in 1921–22. British Museum
(Natural History), London, pp. 63–66.
Dunbar, M.J., 1982. Arctic marine ecosystems. In: L. Rey (Editor),
The Arctic Ocean: The Hydrographic Environment and the Fate
of Pollutants. Macmillan, London, pp. 233–261.
Dunton, K., 1992. Arctic biogeography: the paradox of the marine
benthic fauna and flora. Trends Ecol. Evol., 7: 183−189.
Eastman, J.T. and Clarke, A., 1998. A comparison of adaptive
radiations of Antarctic fish with those of non-Antarctic fish.
In: G. di Prisco, E. Pisano and A. Clarke (Editors), Fishes of
Antarctica: A Biological Overview. Springer, Berlin, pp. 3–26.
Edwards, D.S., 1968. The detrital mineralogy of surface sediments of
the ocean floor in the area of the Antarctic Peninsula, Antarctica.
Contr. Sediment. Res. Lab. Fla. State Univ., 26: 1−68.
Ekman, S., 1935. Tiergeographie des Meeres. Akademisches Verlag,
Leipzig.
Ekman, S., 1953. Zoogeography of the Sea. Sidgwick and Jackson,
London.
257
Arctic Seas: Climatology, Oceanography, Geology and Biology.
Van Nostrand, Reinhold, New York, pp. 147–191.
Anderson, J.B., 1990. Sediments. In: G.P. Glasby (Editor), Antarctic
Sector of the Pacific. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 187–206.
Anderson, J.B., Bartek, L.R. and Thomas, M.A., 1991. Seismic
and sedimentological record of glacial events on the Antarctic
Peninsula Shelf. In: M.R.A. Thomson, J.A. Crame and
J.W. Thomson (Editors), Geological Evolution of Antarctica.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 687–691.
Angel, M.V., 1997. Pelagic biodiversity. In: R.F.G. Ormond, J.D.
Gage and M.V. Angel (Editors), Marine Biodiversity: Patterns and
Processes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 35–68.
Anisimova, N.A., 1989. Distributional patterns of echinoderms in the
Eurasian sector of the Arctic Ocean. In: Y. Herman (Editor), The
Arctic Seas: Climatology, Oceanography, Geology and Biology.
Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, pp. 281–301.
Arnaud, P.M. and Bandel, K., 1976. Comments on six species of
marine Antarctic Littorinacea (Mollusca, Gastropoda). Tethys, 8:
213−230.
Arntz, W.E., Brey, T. and Gallardo, V.A., 1994. Antarctic zoobenthos.
Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Annu. Rev., 32: 241−303.
Boetius, A., Grahl, C., Kr¨ oncke, I., Liebezeit, G. and N¨ othig, E.-M.,
1996. Distribution of plant pigments in surface sediments of the
Eastern Arctic. Ber. Polarforsch., 212: 213−218.
Brandt, A., 1991. Zur Besiedlungsgeschichte des antarktischen
Shelfes am Beispiel der Isopoda (Crustacea, Malacostraca). Ber.
Polarforsch., 98: 1−240.
Brandt, A., 1992. Origin of Antarctic Isopoda (Crustacea
Malacostraca). Mar. Biol., 113: 415−423.
Brandt, A., 1997. Biodiversity of peracarid crustaceans (Malacostraca) from the shelf down to the deep Arctic Ocean. Biodiv.
Conserv., 6: 1533−1556.
Brey, T. and Gerdes, D., 1998. High Antarctic macrobenthic
community production. J. Exp. Nar. Biol. Ecol., 231: 191−200.
Brey, T., Dahm, C., Gorny, M., Klages, M., Stiller, M. and Arntz,
W.E., 1996. Do Antarctic benthic invertebrates show an extended
level of eurybathy? Antarct. Sci., 8: 3−6.
Bullivant, J.S., 1959. An oceanographic survey of the Ross Sea.
Nature, 184: 422−423.
Bullivant, J.S., 1967. Ecology of the Ross Sea benthos. The fauna of
the Ross Sea, Part V. N.Z. Oceanogr. Inst. Mem., 32: 49−75.
Carmack, E.C., 1990. Large-scale physical oceanography of polar
oceans. In: W.O. Smith (Editor), Polar Oceanography, Part A:
Physical Science. Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 171–222.
Carsey, F.D. and Roach, A.T., 1994. Oceanic convection in the
Greenland Sea Odden Region as interpreted in satellite data. In:
O.M. Johannessen, R.D. Muench and J.E. Overland (Editors), The
Polar Oceans and Their Role in Shaping the Global Environment.
Geophys. Monogr. Am. Geophys. Union, 85: 211−222.
Clark, D.L., 1974. Late Mesozoic and Early Cenozoic sediment cores
from the Arctic Ocean. Geology, 2: 41−44.
Clark, D.L., Whitman, R.R., Morgan, K.A. and Mackey, S.D., 1980.
Stratigraphy and glacial-marine sediments of the Amerasian Basin,
central Arctic Ocean. Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Paper, 181: 1−57.
Clarke, A., 1992. Is there a latitudinal diversity cline in the sea?
Trends Ecol. Evol., 7: 286−287.
Clarke, A. and Crame, J.A., 1989. The origin of the Southern Ocean
marine fauna. In: J.A. Crame (Editor), Origins and Evolution of
the Antarctic Biota. Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ., 47: 253−268.
Clarke, A. and Crame, J.A., 1997. Diversity, latitude and time:
patterns in the shallow sea. In: R.F.G. Ormond, J.D. Gage and
M.V. Angel (Editors), Marine Biodiversity: Patterns and Processes.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 122–147.
Clarke, A. and Holmes, L.J., 1987. Notes on the biology and
distribution of Pasiphaea species from the Southern Ocean. Bull.
Br. Antarct. Surv., 74: 17−30.
Clarke, A. and Johnston, I.A., 1996. Evolution and adaptive radiation
of Antarctic fishes. Trends Ecol. Evol., 11: 212−218.
Clough, L.M., Ambrose, W.G., Cochran, J.K., Barnes, C.,
Renaud, P.E. and Aller, R.C., 1997. Infaunal density, biomass
and bioturbation in the sediments of the Arctic Ocean. Deep-Sea
Res. II, 44: 1683−1704.
Crame, J.A. and Clarke, A., 1997. The historical component of marine
taxonomic diversity gradients. In: R.F.G. Ormond, J.D. Gage and
M.V. Angel (Editors), Marine Biodiversity: Patterns and Processes.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 258–273.
Cranston, R.E., 1997. Organic carbon burial rates across the Arctic
Ocean from the 1994 Arctic Ocean Section expedition. Deep-Sea
Res. II, 44: 1705−1723.
Dahl, E., Laubier, L., Sibuet, M. and Str¨ omberg, J.-O., 1976. Some
quantitative results on benthic communities of the deep Norwegian
Sea. Astarte, 9: 61−79.
Dangeard, L., Vanney, J.R. and Johnson, G.L., 1977. Affleurements,
courants et faci´ es dans la zone antarctique du Pacifique oriental
(Mers du Bellingshausen et d’Amundsen). Ann. Inst. Oceanogr.
Paris, 53: 105−124.
Darby, D.A., Naidu, A.S., Mowatt, T.C. and Jones, G., 1989. Sediment
composition and sedimentary processes in the Arctic Ocean. In:
Y. Hermann (Editor), The Arctic Seas: Climatology, Oceanography,
Geology and Biology. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, pp. 657–
720.
Dearborn, J.H., Ferrari, F.D. and Edwards, K.C., 1986. Can
pelagic aggregations cause benthic satiation? Feeding biology
of the Antarctic brittle star Astrotoma agassizii (Echinodermata:
Ophiuroidea). Antarct. Res. Ser., 44: 1−28.
Dell, R.K., 1972. Antarctic benthos. Adv. Mar. Biol., 10: 1−216.
Douglas, G.W. and Campbell-Smith, W., 1930. Zavodovski Island, and
notes on rock fragments dredged in the Weddell Sea. In: W.C. Smith
(Editor), Report on the Geological Collections made during the
Voyage of the ‘Quest’ on the Shackleton–Rowett Expedition to
the South Atlantic and Weddell Sea in 1921–22. British Museum
(Natural History), London, pp. 63–66.
Dunbar, M.J., 1982. Arctic marine ecosystems. In: L. Rey (Editor),
The Arctic Ocean: The Hydrographic Environment and the Fate
of Pollutants. Macmillan, London, pp. 233–261.
Dunton, K., 1992. Arctic biogeography: the paradox of the marine
benthic fauna and flora. Trends Ecol. Evol., 7: 183−189.
Eastman, J.T. and Clarke, A., 1998. A comparison of adaptive
radiations of Antarctic fish with those of non-Antarctic fish.
In: G. di Prisco, E. Pisano and A. Clarke (Editors), Fishes of
Antarctica: A Biological Overview. Springer, Berlin, pp. 3–26.
Edwards, D.S., 1968. The detrital mineralogy of surface sediments of
the ocean floor in the area of the Antarctic Peninsula, Antarctica.
Contr. Sediment. Res. Lab. Fla. State Univ., 26: 1−68.
Ekman, S., 1935. Tiergeographie des Meeres. Akademisches Verlag,
Leipzig.
Ekman, S., 1953. Zoogeography of the Sea. Sidgwick and Jackson,
London.