THE DEEP INDIAN OCEAN FLOOR
235
evidence of hydrothermal venting on the Southwest
Indian Ridge (German et al., 1998), and it would be
of great biogeographic interest to see if the dominant
fauna is more related to the Atlantic or to the Pacific
vents. There is also evidence of reducing conditions in
sediments near the base of the oxygen minimum zone,
where the fauna may gain energy from chemosynthetic
primary production.
The Indian Ocean remains an exciting area for
pioneering research. A complete understanding of
its habitats and processes will not be possible until
the outstanding problems mentioned above have been
resolved.
REFERENCES
Altenbach, A.V., 1988. Deep sea benthic foraminifera and flux rate
of organic carbon. Rev. Paleobiol., 2: 719−720. Special volume.
Altenbach, A.V. and Sarnthein, M., 1989. Productivity record in
benthic foraminifera. In: W.H. Berger, V.S. Smetacek and G. Wefer
(Editors), Productivity in the Oceans: Present and Past. Wiley,
New York, pp. 255–269.
Bak, R.P.M. and Nieuwland, G., 1997. Seasonal variation in bacterial
and flagellate communities of deep-sea sediments in monsoonal
upwelling system. Deep-Sea Res. II, 44: 1281−1292.
Banse, K., 1973. Upsloping of isotherms on the continental shelf off
Goa and Bombay in June 1967. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 14:
344−356.
Banse, K., 1994. Overview of research efforts and results in the
Arabian Sea, 1960–1990. In: D. Lal (Editor), Biogeochemistry of
the Arabian Sea. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences,
Lotus Printers, New Delhi, India, pp. 7–25.
Banse, K. and McClain, C.R., 1986. Winter blooms of phytoplankton
in the Arabian Sea as observed by the Coastal Zone Color Scanner.
Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 34: 201−211.
Berger, W.H., 1974. Deep-sea sedimentation. In: C.A. Burke and C.D.
Drake (Editors), The Geology of Continental Margins. Springer,
New York, pp. 213–241.
Burkill, P.H., Mantoura, R.F.C. and Owens, N.J.P., 1993.
Biogeochemical cycling in the northwestern Indian Ocean: a brief
overview. Deep-Sea Res. II, 40: 643−649.
Chun, C., 1900. Aus den Tiefen des Weltmeeres. Schilderungen von
der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. Gustav Fischer, Jena, 549 pp.
Cook, A.A., Lambshead, P.J.D., Hawkins, L.E., Mitchell, N. and
Levin, L.A., 2000. Nematode abundance at the oxygen minimum
zone in the Arabian Sea. Deep-Sea Res. II, 47: 75−85.
Creasey, S., Rogers, A.D., Tyler, P.A., Young, C.M. and Gage, J.D.,
1997. The populations biology and genetics of the deep-sea spider
crab Encephaloides armstrongi Wood-Mason 1891 (Decapoda:
Majidae). Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. B, 352: 365−379.
Creasey, S., Rogers, A.D., Tyler, P.A., Gage, J.D. and Jollivet, D.,
2000. Genetic and morphometric comparisons of squat
lobster, Munidopsis scobina (Decapoda: Anomura: Galatheidae)
populations, with notes on the phylogeny of the genus Munidopsis.
Deep-Sea Res. II, 47: 87−118.
Curray, J.R. and Moore, D.G., 1971. Growth of the Bengal deep-sea
fan and denudation in the Himalayas. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 82:
563−572.
Cushing, D.H., 1973. Production in the Indian Ocean and the transfer
from the primary to the secondary level. In: B. Zeitzschel and
S.A. Gerlach (Editors), The Biology of the Indian Ocean. Springer,
Berlin, pp. 475–486.
Das, V.K., Gouveia, A.D. and Varma, K.K., 1980. Circulation and
water characteristics on isanosteric surfaces in the northern Arabian
Sea during February–April. Indian J. Mar. Sci., 9: 156−165.
Diaz, R.J. and Rosenberg, R., 1995. Marine benthic hypoxia: a review
of its ecological effects and the behavioral responses of benthic
macrofauna. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Annu. Rev., 33: 245−303.
Ducklow, H.W., 1993. Bacterioplankton distributions and productions
in the Northwestern Indian Ocean and Gulf of Oman, September
1986. Deep-Sea Res. II, 40: 753−772.
Duineveld, G.C.A., De Wilde, P.A.W.J., Berghuis, E.M., Kok, A.,
Tahey, T. and Kromkamp, J., 1997. Benthic respiration and standing
stock on two contrasting continental margins in the western Indian
Ocean: the Yemen–Somali upwelling region and the margin off
Kenya. Deep-Sea Res., 44: 1293−1317.
Everaarts, J.M. and Nieuwenhuize, J., 1995. Heavy metals in surface
sediment and epibenthic macroinvertebrates from the coastal zone
and continental slope of Kenya. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 31: 281−289.
Feldman, G., 1989. Ocean color, availability of the global data set.
Eos Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, 70: 634.
Gage, J.D., 1978. Animals in deep sea sediments. Proc. R Soc.
Edinburgh, 768: 77−93.
Gage, J.D., 1995. Benthic Community and Fluxes in Relation to the
Oxygen Minimum Zone in the Arabian Sea. Cruise Report: R.R.S.
Discovery 211/94 9 October–11 November 1994. Muscat to Owen
Basin and adjacent continental slope off Masirah Island to Muscat.
Scottish Association for Marine Sciences, Oban, Scotland, UK,
71 pp.
Gage, J.D. and Tyler, P.A., 1991. Deep-Sea Biology: A Natural History
of Organisms at the Deep-Sea Floor. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, 504 pp.
Gage, J.D., Levin, L.A. and Wolff, G.A., 2000. Benthic process in the
deep Arabian Sea: introduction and overview. Deep-Sea Res. II,
47: 1−7.
German, C.R., Baker, E.T., Mevel, C., Tamaki, K. and FUJI Scientific
Team, 1998. Hydrothermal activity along the southwest Indian
ridge. Nature, 395: 490−493.
Gooday, A.J., Levin, L.A., Linke, P. and Hegger, T., 1992. The role
of benthic formanifera in deep-sea food webs and carbon cycling.
In: G.T. Rowe and V. Pariente (Editors), Deep-Sea Food Chains
and the Global Carbon Cycle. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp. 63–92.
Gooday, A.J., Bernhard, J.M., Levin, L.A. and Suhr, S., 2000.
Foraminifera in the Arabian Sea oxygen minimum zone and other
oxygen-deficient settings: taxonomic composition, diversity, and
relation to metazoan faunas. Deep-Sea Res. II, 47: 25−54.
Grassle, J.F. and Grassle, J.P., 1994. Notes from the abyss: the effects
of a patchy supply of organic material and larvae on soft-sediment
benthic communities. In: P.S. Giller, A.G. Hildrew, D.G. Raffaelli
(Editors), The 34th Symposium of the British Ecological Society:
Aquatic Ecology: Scale, Pattern and Process. Blackwell, Oxford,
pp. 499–515.
Hammond, D.E., McManus, J.F., Berelson, W.M., Kilgore, T. and
Pope, R.H., 1996. Early diagenesis of organic material in equatorial
235
evidence of hydrothermal venting on the Southwest
Indian Ridge (German et al., 1998), and it would be
of great biogeographic interest to see if the dominant
fauna is more related to the Atlantic or to the Pacific
vents. There is also evidence of reducing conditions in
sediments near the base of the oxygen minimum zone,
where the fauna may gain energy from chemosynthetic
primary production.
The Indian Ocean remains an exciting area for
pioneering research. A complete understanding of
its habitats and processes will not be possible until
the outstanding problems mentioned above have been
resolved.
REFERENCES
Altenbach, A.V., 1988. Deep sea benthic foraminifera and flux rate
of organic carbon. Rev. Paleobiol., 2: 719−720. Special volume.
Altenbach, A.V. and Sarnthein, M., 1989. Productivity record in
benthic foraminifera. In: W.H. Berger, V.S. Smetacek and G. Wefer
(Editors), Productivity in the Oceans: Present and Past. Wiley,
New York, pp. 255–269.
Bak, R.P.M. and Nieuwland, G., 1997. Seasonal variation in bacterial
and flagellate communities of deep-sea sediments in monsoonal
upwelling system. Deep-Sea Res. II, 44: 1281−1292.
Banse, K., 1973. Upsloping of isotherms on the continental shelf off
Goa and Bombay in June 1967. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 14:
344−356.
Banse, K., 1994. Overview of research efforts and results in the
Arabian Sea, 1960–1990. In: D. Lal (Editor), Biogeochemistry of
the Arabian Sea. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences,
Lotus Printers, New Delhi, India, pp. 7–25.
Banse, K. and McClain, C.R., 1986. Winter blooms of phytoplankton
in the Arabian Sea as observed by the Coastal Zone Color Scanner.
Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 34: 201−211.
Berger, W.H., 1974. Deep-sea sedimentation. In: C.A. Burke and C.D.
Drake (Editors), The Geology of Continental Margins. Springer,
New York, pp. 213–241.
Burkill, P.H., Mantoura, R.F.C. and Owens, N.J.P., 1993.
Biogeochemical cycling in the northwestern Indian Ocean: a brief
overview. Deep-Sea Res. II, 40: 643−649.
Chun, C., 1900. Aus den Tiefen des Weltmeeres. Schilderungen von
der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. Gustav Fischer, Jena, 549 pp.
Cook, A.A., Lambshead, P.J.D., Hawkins, L.E., Mitchell, N. and
Levin, L.A., 2000. Nematode abundance at the oxygen minimum
zone in the Arabian Sea. Deep-Sea Res. II, 47: 75−85.
Creasey, S., Rogers, A.D., Tyler, P.A., Young, C.M. and Gage, J.D.,
1997. The populations biology and genetics of the deep-sea spider
crab Encephaloides armstrongi Wood-Mason 1891 (Decapoda:
Majidae). Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. B, 352: 365−379.
Creasey, S., Rogers, A.D., Tyler, P.A., Gage, J.D. and Jollivet, D.,
2000. Genetic and morphometric comparisons of squat
lobster, Munidopsis scobina (Decapoda: Anomura: Galatheidae)
populations, with notes on the phylogeny of the genus Munidopsis.
Deep-Sea Res. II, 47: 87−118.
Curray, J.R. and Moore, D.G., 1971. Growth of the Bengal deep-sea
fan and denudation in the Himalayas. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 82:
563−572.
Cushing, D.H., 1973. Production in the Indian Ocean and the transfer
from the primary to the secondary level. In: B. Zeitzschel and
S.A. Gerlach (Editors), The Biology of the Indian Ocean. Springer,
Berlin, pp. 475–486.
Das, V.K., Gouveia, A.D. and Varma, K.K., 1980. Circulation and
water characteristics on isanosteric surfaces in the northern Arabian
Sea during February–April. Indian J. Mar. Sci., 9: 156−165.
Diaz, R.J. and Rosenberg, R., 1995. Marine benthic hypoxia: a review
of its ecological effects and the behavioral responses of benthic
macrofauna. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Annu. Rev., 33: 245−303.
Ducklow, H.W., 1993. Bacterioplankton distributions and productions
in the Northwestern Indian Ocean and Gulf of Oman, September
1986. Deep-Sea Res. II, 40: 753−772.
Duineveld, G.C.A., De Wilde, P.A.W.J., Berghuis, E.M., Kok, A.,
Tahey, T. and Kromkamp, J., 1997. Benthic respiration and standing
stock on two contrasting continental margins in the western Indian
Ocean: the Yemen–Somali upwelling region and the margin off
Kenya. Deep-Sea Res., 44: 1293−1317.
Everaarts, J.M. and Nieuwenhuize, J., 1995. Heavy metals in surface
sediment and epibenthic macroinvertebrates from the coastal zone
and continental slope of Kenya. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 31: 281−289.
Feldman, G., 1989. Ocean color, availability of the global data set.
Eos Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, 70: 634.
Gage, J.D., 1978. Animals in deep sea sediments. Proc. R Soc.
Edinburgh, 768: 77−93.
Gage, J.D., 1995. Benthic Community and Fluxes in Relation to the
Oxygen Minimum Zone in the Arabian Sea. Cruise Report: R.R.S.
Discovery 211/94 9 October–11 November 1994. Muscat to Owen
Basin and adjacent continental slope off Masirah Island to Muscat.
Scottish Association for Marine Sciences, Oban, Scotland, UK,
71 pp.
Gage, J.D. and Tyler, P.A., 1991. Deep-Sea Biology: A Natural History
of Organisms at the Deep-Sea Floor. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, 504 pp.
Gage, J.D., Levin, L.A. and Wolff, G.A., 2000. Benthic process in the
deep Arabian Sea: introduction and overview. Deep-Sea Res. II,
47: 1−7.
German, C.R., Baker, E.T., Mevel, C., Tamaki, K. and FUJI Scientific
Team, 1998. Hydrothermal activity along the southwest Indian
ridge. Nature, 395: 490−493.
Gooday, A.J., Levin, L.A., Linke, P. and Hegger, T., 1992. The role
of benthic formanifera in deep-sea food webs and carbon cycling.
In: G.T. Rowe and V. Pariente (Editors), Deep-Sea Food Chains
and the Global Carbon Cycle. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp. 63–92.
Gooday, A.J., Bernhard, J.M., Levin, L.A. and Suhr, S., 2000.
Foraminifera in the Arabian Sea oxygen minimum zone and other
oxygen-deficient settings: taxonomic composition, diversity, and
relation to metazoan faunas. Deep-Sea Res. II, 47: 25−54.
Grassle, J.F. and Grassle, J.P., 1994. Notes from the abyss: the effects
of a patchy supply of organic material and larvae on soft-sediment
benthic communities. In: P.S. Giller, A.G. Hildrew, D.G. Raffaelli
(Editors), The 34th Symposium of the British Ecological Society:
Aquatic Ecology: Scale, Pattern and Process. Blackwell, Oxford,
pp. 499–515.
Hammond, D.E., McManus, J.F., Berelson, W.M., Kilgore, T. and
Pope, R.H., 1996. Early diagenesis of organic material in equatorial