306
Climatic Geomorphology
65~~60
65
60
40
b
10
15
0
50m.
i__
--J
PIPE COLLAPSE MAP
LEGEND
relative height of
--'--20----- contours in meters
--~
subsurface channel
gully
Q funnel-shaped doline
(22) well-shaped doline
[":" .... ] coarse talus
Miocene deposits
Figure 13.23. Map of pseudo-dolines developed in coarse talus (Guti~rrez et al., 1988).
different dispersive fields in relation to sodium content (Figure 13.25). The points
situated in the dispersion field of the graph are susceptible to piping (Benito et al.,
1993" Guti6rrez et al., 1997). The study of the physical, chemical, and mineralogical
properties of materials is important in civil engineering, especially in the construction
of earthen dams as some have collapsed due to piping (Jones, 1981; Parker et al.,
1990). If the ESP is elevated, it may be reduced by the addition of calcium, in the form
of gypsum or lime (Heede, 1971; Stocking, 1976) that makes the piping processes more
difficult.
Climatic Geomorphology
65~~60
65
60
40
b
10
15
0
50m.
i__
--J
PIPE COLLAPSE MAP
LEGEND
relative height of
--'--20----- contours in meters
--~
subsurface channel
gully
Q funnel-shaped doline
(22) well-shaped doline
[":" .... ] coarse talus
Miocene deposits
Figure 13.23. Map of pseudo-dolines developed in coarse talus (Guti~rrez et al., 1988).
different dispersive fields in relation to sodium content (Figure 13.25). The points
situated in the dispersion field of the graph are susceptible to piping (Benito et al.,
1993" Guti6rrez et al., 1997). The study of the physical, chemical, and mineralogical
properties of materials is important in civil engineering, especially in the construction
of earthen dams as some have collapsed due to piping (Jones, 1981; Parker et al.,
1990). If the ESP is elevated, it may be reduced by the addition of calcium, in the form
of gypsum or lime (Heede, 1971; Stocking, 1976) that makes the piping processes more
difficult.