143
12 Household Detergents Causing Eutrophication in Freshwater Ecosystems
triplicates. The duckweeds were allowed to grow for another
10 days. The day of transfer of plants was counted as day1. The experiments were terminated on 11th day and plants
were harvested, dried in oven at 80 °C for 24 h and weighed
(as per the scheme given in Table 12.4).
The detailed studies on the responses of the two selected
weeds to 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 ppm of Surf Excel were
carried out in large earthen pots (locally called as Nand)
filled with 15 L of the detergent solution (Table 12.4). In
these pots 5 g of Lemna minor and Spirodela polyrrhiza were
inoculated in separate experiments on day 1st from the pure
duckweed stocks. Growth of Lemna minor and Spirodela
polyrrhiza was recorded at 11th day of transplant in the pots.
The uptake of NPK, chlorophyll content ( a, b, and total), dry
weight and physico–chemical properties of detergent solutions were also determined after the termination of experiments on 11th day (Table 12.4).
Two separate experiments were conducted in polyvinyl
pots to evaluate the effect of temperature variation (viz.10,
20, 30, 40 and 50 °C) and its interaction with varying concentrations of Surf Excel detergent on growth responses of
duckweeds. The polyvinyl pots inoculated with 1 g of Lemna
minor or Spirodela polyrrhiza were placed in BOD incubator
(Caltan, Narang Scientific Works Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi) for
the temperature treatments maintained at 10, 20, 30, 40, or
50 °C. The growth in all pots was recorded after the termination of the experiments (Table 12.4). Owing to early mortality of Lemna minor at higher temperatures 40 and 50 °C,
the growth parameters were recorded finally at 7th and 5th
day, respectively. These parameters of Spirodela polyrrhiza
maintained at 40 and 50 °C temperature were finally recorded at 9th and 5th day, respectively. The plants with maximum
brownish or yellowish appearance (chlorosis) were treated
as dead.
Two experiments were conducted to study the effect of
pH variation on the responses of selected duckweeds to varying levels of Surf Excel detergent in the ecosystem at a given
temperature. The pH of detergent solutions and tap water
was maintained at pH 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5, and 8.0 by using
NaOH or HCl. The data on growth parameters were recorded
as in previous experiments (Table 12.4).
12.2.7 Data Recording
The data on growth of both the selected species in all sets of
experiments were recorded at 11th day stage. The water and
plant analysis was also carried out after the termination of
experiments (on 11th day or earlier as in experiments with
temperature treatments). The data so obtained were analyzed
Table 12.2 List of the detergent products used in screening
experiments
S.
No.
Brand Name Form
Product by
1
Ariel
Cake
Procter and Gamble Home Products Ltd. Mumbai
2
Ariel
Powder Procter and Gamble Home Products Ltd. Mumbai
3
Budget
Cake
Kothari detergent Ltd. Kanpur
4
Doctor
Cake
P.C.Cosma Soap Pvt. Ltd. New
Delhi
5
Doctor
Powder P.C.Cosma Soap Pvt. Ltd. New
Delhi
6
Double Dog
Powder KTC Pvt. Ltd. Kanpur
7
Cleano
Powder Garud Homo-Cleanse Pvt. Ltd.
Delhi
8
Fena
Cake
Fena Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi
9
Fena
Powder Fena Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi
10
Friendly Wash Powder Henkel Spic India Ltd. Chennai
11
555
Cake
GoramalHariram Ltd. New Delhi
12
Ghari
Cake
KTC Pvt. Ltd. Kanpur
13
Ghari
Powder KTC Pvt. Ltd. Kanpur
14
Henko
Cake
Henkel Spic India Ltd. Chennai
15
Henko
Powder Henkel Spic India Ltd. Chennai
16
Maxclean
Powder Wiseman Home Products
17
Mor
Cake
Sagar Detergent Pvt. Ltd. Kanpur
18
Mor
Powder Sagar Detergent Pvt. Ltd. Kanpur
19
Morlight
Powder Sagar Detergent Pvt. Ltd. Kanpur
20
Mr. White
Powder Henkel Spic India Ltd. Channai
21
Nirma
Cake
Nirma Ltd. Ahmadabad
22
Nirma
Powder Nirma Ltd. Ahmadabad
23
Nirma Super Powder Nirma Ltd. Ahmadabad
24
Plus
Cake
Corona Plus Inds. Ltd. Mumbai
25
Plus
Powder Corona Plus Inds. Ltd. Mumbai
26
Plus (Extra)
Powder Corona Plus Inds. Ltd. Mumbai
27
Plus (Saving) Powder Corona Plus Inds. Ltd. Mumbai
28
Rin
Cake
Hindustan Lever Ltd. Mumbai
29
Rin Shakti
Powder Hindustan Lever Ltd. Mumbai
30
Rin Supreme Powder Hindustan Lever Ltd. Mumbai
31
Surf
Powder Hindustan Lever Ltd. Mumbai
32
Surf Excel
Powder Hindustan Lever Ltd. Mumbai
33
Tide
Powder Procter and Gamble Home Products Ltd. Mumbai
34
Time-Zee
Powder Ramnagar Khadi Gram udyog
Samiti. Chandauli
35
Wheel
Cake
Hindustan Lever Ltd. Mumbai
36
Wheel
Powder Hindustan Lever Ltd. Mumbai
Table 12.3 Scheme of treatments of the selected duckweeds with
varying concentrations of detergent in various experiments conducted
in polyvinyl and earthen pots.
Treatments (each
in triplicate)
Screening experiment with
the listed 36 detergents
Experiment with
Surf Excel
T 0 (control)
0 ppm (tap water only)
0 ppm (tap water
only)
T 1
10 ppm
10 ppm
T 2
30 ppm
20 ppm
T 3
50 ppm
30 ppm
T 4
–
40 ppm
T 5
–
50 ppm
12 Household Detergents Causing Eutrophication in Freshwater Ecosystems
triplicates. The duckweeds were allowed to grow for another
10 days. The day of transfer of plants was counted as day1. The experiments were terminated on 11th day and plants
were harvested, dried in oven at 80 °C for 24 h and weighed
(as per the scheme given in Table 12.4).
The detailed studies on the responses of the two selected
weeds to 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 ppm of Surf Excel were
carried out in large earthen pots (locally called as Nand)
filled with 15 L of the detergent solution (Table 12.4). In
these pots 5 g of Lemna minor and Spirodela polyrrhiza were
inoculated in separate experiments on day 1st from the pure
duckweed stocks. Growth of Lemna minor and Spirodela
polyrrhiza was recorded at 11th day of transplant in the pots.
The uptake of NPK, chlorophyll content ( a, b, and total), dry
weight and physico–chemical properties of detergent solutions were also determined after the termination of experiments on 11th day (Table 12.4).
Two separate experiments were conducted in polyvinyl
pots to evaluate the effect of temperature variation (viz.10,
20, 30, 40 and 50 °C) and its interaction with varying concentrations of Surf Excel detergent on growth responses of
duckweeds. The polyvinyl pots inoculated with 1 g of Lemna
minor or Spirodela polyrrhiza were placed in BOD incubator
(Caltan, Narang Scientific Works Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi) for
the temperature treatments maintained at 10, 20, 30, 40, or
50 °C. The growth in all pots was recorded after the termination of the experiments (Table 12.4). Owing to early mortality of Lemna minor at higher temperatures 40 and 50 °C,
the growth parameters were recorded finally at 7th and 5th
day, respectively. These parameters of Spirodela polyrrhiza
maintained at 40 and 50 °C temperature were finally recorded at 9th and 5th day, respectively. The plants with maximum
brownish or yellowish appearance (chlorosis) were treated
as dead.
Two experiments were conducted to study the effect of
pH variation on the responses of selected duckweeds to varying levels of Surf Excel detergent in the ecosystem at a given
temperature. The pH of detergent solutions and tap water
was maintained at pH 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5, and 8.0 by using
NaOH or HCl. The data on growth parameters were recorded
as in previous experiments (Table 12.4).
12.2.7 Data Recording
The data on growth of both the selected species in all sets of
experiments were recorded at 11th day stage. The water and
plant analysis was also carried out after the termination of
experiments (on 11th day or earlier as in experiments with
temperature treatments). The data so obtained were analyzed
Table 12.2 List of the detergent products used in screening
experiments
S.
No.
Brand Name Form
Product by
1
Ariel
Cake
Procter and Gamble Home Products Ltd. Mumbai
2
Ariel
Powder Procter and Gamble Home Products Ltd. Mumbai
3
Budget
Cake
Kothari detergent Ltd. Kanpur
4
Doctor
Cake
P.C.Cosma Soap Pvt. Ltd. New
Delhi
5
Doctor
Powder P.C.Cosma Soap Pvt. Ltd. New
Delhi
6
Double Dog
Powder KTC Pvt. Ltd. Kanpur
7
Cleano
Powder Garud Homo-Cleanse Pvt. Ltd.
Delhi
8
Fena
Cake
Fena Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi
9
Fena
Powder Fena Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi
10
Friendly Wash Powder Henkel Spic India Ltd. Chennai
11
555
Cake
GoramalHariram Ltd. New Delhi
12
Ghari
Cake
KTC Pvt. Ltd. Kanpur
13
Ghari
Powder KTC Pvt. Ltd. Kanpur
14
Henko
Cake
Henkel Spic India Ltd. Chennai
15
Henko
Powder Henkel Spic India Ltd. Chennai
16
Maxclean
Powder Wiseman Home Products
17
Mor
Cake
Sagar Detergent Pvt. Ltd. Kanpur
18
Mor
Powder Sagar Detergent Pvt. Ltd. Kanpur
19
Morlight
Powder Sagar Detergent Pvt. Ltd. Kanpur
20
Mr. White
Powder Henkel Spic India Ltd. Channai
21
Nirma
Cake
Nirma Ltd. Ahmadabad
22
Nirma
Powder Nirma Ltd. Ahmadabad
23
Nirma Super Powder Nirma Ltd. Ahmadabad
24
Plus
Cake
Corona Plus Inds. Ltd. Mumbai
25
Plus
Powder Corona Plus Inds. Ltd. Mumbai
26
Plus (Extra)
Powder Corona Plus Inds. Ltd. Mumbai
27
Plus (Saving) Powder Corona Plus Inds. Ltd. Mumbai
28
Rin
Cake
Hindustan Lever Ltd. Mumbai
29
Rin Shakti
Powder Hindustan Lever Ltd. Mumbai
30
Rin Supreme Powder Hindustan Lever Ltd. Mumbai
31
Surf
Powder Hindustan Lever Ltd. Mumbai
32
Surf Excel
Powder Hindustan Lever Ltd. Mumbai
33
Tide
Powder Procter and Gamble Home Products Ltd. Mumbai
34
Time-Zee
Powder Ramnagar Khadi Gram udyog
Samiti. Chandauli
35
Wheel
Cake
Hindustan Lever Ltd. Mumbai
36
Wheel
Powder Hindustan Lever Ltd. Mumbai
Table 12.3 Scheme of treatments of the selected duckweeds with
varying concentrations of detergent in various experiments conducted
in polyvinyl and earthen pots.
Treatments (each
in triplicate)
Screening experiment with
the listed 36 detergents
Experiment with
Surf Excel
T 0 (control)
0 ppm (tap water only)
0 ppm (tap water
only)
T 1
10 ppm
10 ppm
T 2
30 ppm
20 ppm
T 3
50 ppm
30 ppm
T 4
–
40 ppm
T 5
–
50 ppm