106
Table 9.2 Trophic boundaries of total phosphorus (TP), chlorophyll-a (chl-a), algal fresh weight and yearly production for four trophic levels.
(Modified from Håkanson and Jansson 1983)
Trophic level
Total-P (mg m −3 )
Chl-a (mg m
−3
)
Algal fresh wt. (g m
−3
)
Annual production
(g C m −2 y
−1
)
Oligotrophic
< 10
< 2.5
< 0.8
< 30
Mesotrophic
8–25
2–8
0.5–1.9
25–60
Eutrophic
20–100
6–35
1.2–2.5
40–200
Hypertrophic
> 80
30–400
2.1–20
130–600
Table 9.3 Trophic classification based on fixed steps (factor 10) of mean summer chlorophyll-a (chl-a) concentrations and adding an ultraoligotrophic level. (Modified from Håkanson and Boulion 2001)
Trophic level
Total-P (mg m −3 )
Chl-a (mg m −3 )
Daily rate (mg C m −3 d −1 ) Annual production
(g C m −2 y −1 )
Ultra-oligotrophic
< 3
≤ 0.1
≤ 4.4
≤ 12.5
Oligotrophic
1–10
≤ 1
≤ 32
12.5–38
Mesotrophic
5–40
≤ 10
≤ 270
38–140
Eutrophic
20–400
≤ 100
≤ 2,400
140–640
Hypertrophic
> 100
≤ 1,000
> 2,400
> 640
Table 9.5 Trophic boundaries for chl-a, daily column production and annual production dividing the trophic continuum into nine trophic levels.
(Modified from Dokulil 2003 after Felföldy 1987)
Chlorophyll-a (mg m −3 )
Daily production (mg C m −2 d −1 ) Annual production (g C m −2 y −1 )
Ultra-oligotrophic
< 1
< 50
< 10
Oligotrophic
1–3
50–125
10–25
Oligo-mesotrophic
3–10
125–250
25–50
Mesotrophic
10–20
250–500
50–100
Meso-eutrophic
20–50
500–900
100–175
Eutrophic
50–100
900–1,500
175–300
Eu-polytrophic
100–200
1,500–2,500
300–500
Polytrophic
200–800
2,500–4,000
500–800
Hypertrophic
> 800
> 4,000
> 800
Table 9.1 Ranges of chlorophyll-a (chl-a), daily column production and annual production for three trophic levels
Trophic level
Chl-a a (mg m −3 )
Daily production a
(mg C m −2 d −1 )
Daily production
b
(mg C m −2 d −1 )
Annual production
b
(g C m −2 y −1 )
Oligotrophic
0–4
30–100
0–200
<100
Mesotrophic
4–10
100–300
200–500
100–150
Eutrophic
10–100
300–3,000
500–4,000
150–250
a Modified from Henderson-Sellers and Markland (1987, p. 200)
b Modified from Schönborn (2003, p. 255)
Table 9.4 Trophic classification for seven trophic categories based on chlorophyll-a (chl-a) and column production either per day or per year
Trophic level
Chl-a a (mg m −3 )
PP a (mg C m −2 d −1 )
Chl-a b (mg m −3 )
PP b (g C m −2 y −1 )
Ultra-oligotrophic
0.01–0.5
< 50
Oligotrophic
0.3–3
50–300
< 3
< 120
Mesotrophic
2–15
250–1,000
3–10
120–250
Eutrophic
10–500
> 1,000
10–20
250–400
Polytrophic
20–60
400–500
Hypertrophic
> 60
> 500
Dystrophic
0.1–19
50–500
a
Modified from Wetzel (2001, p. 389)
b
Modified from Klapper (1992, p. 79)
M. T. Dokulil
Table 9.2 Trophic boundaries of total phosphorus (TP), chlorophyll-a (chl-a), algal fresh weight and yearly production for four trophic levels.
(Modified from Håkanson and Jansson 1983)
Trophic level
Total-P (mg m −3 )
Chl-a (mg m
−3
)
Algal fresh wt. (g m
−3
)
Annual production
(g C m −2 y
−1
)
Oligotrophic
< 10
< 2.5
< 0.8
< 30
Mesotrophic
8–25
2–8
0.5–1.9
25–60
Eutrophic
20–100
6–35
1.2–2.5
40–200
Hypertrophic
> 80
30–400
2.1–20
130–600
Table 9.3 Trophic classification based on fixed steps (factor 10) of mean summer chlorophyll-a (chl-a) concentrations and adding an ultraoligotrophic level. (Modified from Håkanson and Boulion 2001)
Trophic level
Total-P (mg m −3 )
Chl-a (mg m −3 )
Daily rate (mg C m −3 d −1 ) Annual production
(g C m −2 y −1 )
Ultra-oligotrophic
< 3
≤ 0.1
≤ 4.4
≤ 12.5
Oligotrophic
1–10
≤ 1
≤ 32
12.5–38
Mesotrophic
5–40
≤ 10
≤ 270
38–140
Eutrophic
20–400
≤ 100
≤ 2,400
140–640
Hypertrophic
> 100
≤ 1,000
> 2,400
> 640
Table 9.5 Trophic boundaries for chl-a, daily column production and annual production dividing the trophic continuum into nine trophic levels.
(Modified from Dokulil 2003 after Felföldy 1987)
Chlorophyll-a (mg m −3 )
Daily production (mg C m −2 d −1 ) Annual production (g C m −2 y −1 )
Ultra-oligotrophic
< 1
< 50
< 10
Oligotrophic
1–3
50–125
10–25
Oligo-mesotrophic
3–10
125–250
25–50
Mesotrophic
10–20
250–500
50–100
Meso-eutrophic
20–50
500–900
100–175
Eutrophic
50–100
900–1,500
175–300
Eu-polytrophic
100–200
1,500–2,500
300–500
Polytrophic
200–800
2,500–4,000
500–800
Hypertrophic
> 800
> 4,000
> 800
Table 9.1 Ranges of chlorophyll-a (chl-a), daily column production and annual production for three trophic levels
Trophic level
Chl-a a (mg m −3 )
Daily production a
(mg C m −2 d −1 )
Daily production
b
(mg C m −2 d −1 )
Annual production
b
(g C m −2 y −1 )
Oligotrophic
0–4
30–100
0–200
<100
Mesotrophic
4–10
100–300
200–500
100–150
Eutrophic
10–100
300–3,000
500–4,000
150–250
a Modified from Henderson-Sellers and Markland (1987, p. 200)
b Modified from Schönborn (2003, p. 255)
Table 9.4 Trophic classification for seven trophic categories based on chlorophyll-a (chl-a) and column production either per day or per year
Trophic level
Chl-a a (mg m −3 )
PP a (mg C m −2 d −1 )
Chl-a b (mg m −3 )
PP b (g C m −2 y −1 )
Ultra-oligotrophic
0.01–0.5
< 50
Oligotrophic
0.3–3
50–300
< 3
< 120
Mesotrophic
2–15
250–1,000
3–10
120–250
Eutrophic
10–500
> 1,000
10–20
250–400
Polytrophic
20–60
400–500
Hypertrophic
> 60
> 500
Dystrophic
0.1–19
50–500
a
Modified from Wetzel (2001, p. 389)
b
Modified from Klapper (1992, p. 79)
M. T. Dokulil