LATENT AND SENSIBLE HEAT FLUXES
35
c
~
C
,-..,
~ 25
>"'--"
Ji
20
:::l..
~
:u 10
KAUF'ELD- C LE
b,as
1.4 kn
slope
0.90l
~
f~
~ : L . . , . "" , , ,
o
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
OccanwcaLhcr hips (OW ... ); 1
c::
~
30
"- ,-..,
'J! 25
o
>
ir.
20
0.
.r:.
tr.
15
o
b,a -
U.U kn
slope 0.999
+
+
9
o
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
OceanweaLh r hips (OW ) / kn
Figure 10: Application of the Kaufeld scale (left) and the new scale (right). Monthly means
of converted Beaufort estimates from merchant ships compared to OWS-measurements of the
North Atlantic. Merchant ship observation are taken from a 5 °x 7 °
-surrounding of OWSs.
scale converts Beaufort estimates in wind speeds that correspond to OWS measurements (fig.
10).
It is not surprising that our
new scale is rather similar to
the old WMO scale Code 1100,
originally derived at the tum of
the century (fig. 8). In developing this scale, the measurements at the reference stations were taken as true, and
the random variations totally ascribed to imperfections of the
Beaufort estimates. This is in
good agreement with the error variances which we obtained
from COADS as 2.86 m 2 8- 2 for
OWS and 6.22 m 2 8 - 2 for voluntary observing ships.
'8.0
12.0
6.0
0.0
1' '' 11111.11111'11111
" ' 11111111"11111
11"' ' ' 111,,111 "
"11,··",11,111111 111
"'11,11,11,,11111111
1690
"",'II"Ii,I' I' 1 "I ,11"' 11"1"1""" ,,1.1..,1., "' 111111 1
1 ;
"llllidl".,,!,,. II Iii "11'1"1'1"'" .11 .,1 '. "111 11 1 1 1 6
,.,IIIIII.II,.,.Jilollll ll., " ""1'"'' ' ' .. ," ""111111111 5
11I11I1I1I1I1I1I111I11111I1ii.,. ' .. ,,,."', "'11"" ,"". 4
11111111111111111111111111111111"".1, ... ","" I' II.IIII,III~ 3
11111111111111111111111,1111111110,1,,,,, II ". I' II IIIIII~ 2
1940
Time
1990
Figure 11: Time dependent equivalent scale of Beaufort
2-7.
3.3.4 Time Dependent Beaufort Scale
As the definition of the Beaufort scale changed during the times, it is likely that an equivalent
scale is not constant in time, too. We checked North Atlantic wind observations of the last
35
c
~
C
,-..,
~ 25
>"'--"
Ji
20
:::l..
~
:u 10
KAUF'ELD- C LE
b,as
1.4 kn
slope
0.90l
~
f~
~ : L . . , . "" , , ,
o
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
OccanwcaLhcr hips (OW ... ); 1
c::
~
30
"- ,-..,
'J! 25
o
>
ir.
20
0.
.r:.
tr.
15
o
b,a -
U.U kn
slope 0.999
+
+
9
o
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
OceanweaLh r hips (OW ) / kn
Figure 10: Application of the Kaufeld scale (left) and the new scale (right). Monthly means
of converted Beaufort estimates from merchant ships compared to OWS-measurements of the
North Atlantic. Merchant ship observation are taken from a 5 °x 7 °
-surrounding of OWSs.
scale converts Beaufort estimates in wind speeds that correspond to OWS measurements (fig.
10).
It is not surprising that our
new scale is rather similar to
the old WMO scale Code 1100,
originally derived at the tum of
the century (fig. 8). In developing this scale, the measurements at the reference stations were taken as true, and
the random variations totally ascribed to imperfections of the
Beaufort estimates. This is in
good agreement with the error variances which we obtained
from COADS as 2.86 m 2 8- 2 for
OWS and 6.22 m 2 8 - 2 for voluntary observing ships.
'8.0
12.0
6.0
0.0
1' '' 11111.11111'11111
" ' 11111111"11111
11"' ' ' 111,,111 "
"11,··",11,111111 111
"'11,11,11,,11111111
1690
"",'II"Ii,I' I' 1 "I ,11"' 11"1"1""" ,,1.1..,1., "' 111111 1
1 ;
"llllidl".,,!,,. II Iii "11'1"1'1"'" .11 .,1 '. "111 11 1 1 1 6
,.,IIIIII.II,.,.Jilollll ll., " ""1'"'' ' ' .. ," ""111111111 5
11I11I1I1I1I1I1I111I11111I1ii.,. ' .. ,,,."', "'11"" ,"". 4
11111111111111111111111111111111"".1, ... ","" I' II.IIII,III~ 3
11111111111111111111111,1111111110,1,,,,, II ". I' II IIIIII~ 2
1940
Time
1990
Figure 11: Time dependent equivalent scale of Beaufort
2-7.
3.3.4 Time Dependent Beaufort Scale
As the definition of the Beaufort scale changed during the times, it is likely that an equivalent
scale is not constant in time, too. We checked North Atlantic wind observations of the last