Contents
9.1 How the Aquaculture Could Be Sustainable................................................................. 278
9.2 Aquatic Biosystems from a Biology View Point.......................................................... 279
9.3 A Definition to the Aquatic Biosystems ....................................................................... 280
9.4 Aquaculture Wastewater Recycling............................................................................... 281
9.5 Control and Environment for Aquaculture.................................................................... 281
9.6 Organically Farmed Fish................................................................................................ 282
9.6.1 High Production on Algae.................................................................................. 282
9.6.2 Metabolism Alteration ........................................................................................ 283
9.7 Biotechnological Approaches on Native Species with Potential for Production......... 283
9.8 Overview of the Future Trend in Aquaculture Development....................................... 285
References................................................................................................................................ 286
9.1 How the Aquaculture Could Be Sustainable
Aquaculture is an activity practiced by Chinese people since 2,800 B.C. The first
culture species were the carp (Cyprinus carpio) and mullet (Mugil cephalus), the
first documented knowledge about fish culture in captivity belong to the carp. This
activity has been supporting human demands for fish products for centuries and
now is an important worldwide industry. Over the years, this practice has become
more technical with the objective to make the work easily but mainly in order to
increase production. Nowadays this activity has grown to an entire industry that
handles both supplements as the product itself. Global production from aquaculture now supplies one-third of seafood consumed worldwide. With this massive
increase in world production, the current aquaculture industry is one of the fastest
growing sectors in food production (FAO 2011). However, this rapid growth in the
aquaculture industry has generated ecological damage due to a huge extractive use
of water, land, and feeds. Besides, it is important to consider that these requirements are associated to another impacts such as polluting, salinization of soils,
nutrient-loading, clearing of natural habitat, overexploit of ground water reserves,
introduction, and transmission of diseases (Pillay 2004). At this respect, Bailey
(1985) establishes a new term ‘‘blue revolution,’’ which describes the expansion of
fish farming in tropical regions, according to this idea aquaculture must provide
huge quantities of fish and help to solving problems of world food security and
alleviating poverty. However, production increase in aquaculture demands feeds,
energy for the cultured species and almost always is obtained through catch, so the
fastest growing sectors in food production threatens its ability to continue to
provide increasing yields in a sustainable manner, and concerns with the resulting
from fish farming have led to calls for the ‘‘greening of the blue revolution’’
(Costa-Pierce 2002).
The situation in México is not an exception; the expansion of aquaculture has
been accompanied by degradation of the natural environment, especially on
278
G. M. Soto-Zarazúa et al.
9.1 How the Aquaculture Could Be Sustainable................................................................. 278
9.2 Aquatic Biosystems from a Biology View Point.......................................................... 279
9.3 A Definition to the Aquatic Biosystems ....................................................................... 280
9.4 Aquaculture Wastewater Recycling............................................................................... 281
9.5 Control and Environment for Aquaculture.................................................................... 281
9.6 Organically Farmed Fish................................................................................................ 282
9.6.1 High Production on Algae.................................................................................. 282
9.6.2 Metabolism Alteration ........................................................................................ 283
9.7 Biotechnological Approaches on Native Species with Potential for Production......... 283
9.8 Overview of the Future Trend in Aquaculture Development....................................... 285
References................................................................................................................................ 286
9.1 How the Aquaculture Could Be Sustainable
Aquaculture is an activity practiced by Chinese people since 2,800 B.C. The first
culture species were the carp (Cyprinus carpio) and mullet (Mugil cephalus), the
first documented knowledge about fish culture in captivity belong to the carp. This
activity has been supporting human demands for fish products for centuries and
now is an important worldwide industry. Over the years, this practice has become
more technical with the objective to make the work easily but mainly in order to
increase production. Nowadays this activity has grown to an entire industry that
handles both supplements as the product itself. Global production from aquaculture now supplies one-third of seafood consumed worldwide. With this massive
increase in world production, the current aquaculture industry is one of the fastest
growing sectors in food production (FAO 2011). However, this rapid growth in the
aquaculture industry has generated ecological damage due to a huge extractive use
of water, land, and feeds. Besides, it is important to consider that these requirements are associated to another impacts such as polluting, salinization of soils,
nutrient-loading, clearing of natural habitat, overexploit of ground water reserves,
introduction, and transmission of diseases (Pillay 2004). At this respect, Bailey
(1985) establishes a new term ‘‘blue revolution,’’ which describes the expansion of
fish farming in tropical regions, according to this idea aquaculture must provide
huge quantities of fish and help to solving problems of world food security and
alleviating poverty. However, production increase in aquaculture demands feeds,
energy for the cultured species and almost always is obtained through catch, so the
fastest growing sectors in food production threatens its ability to continue to
provide increasing yields in a sustainable manner, and concerns with the resulting
from fish farming have led to calls for the ‘‘greening of the blue revolution’’
(Costa-Pierce 2002).
The situation in México is not an exception; the expansion of aquaculture has
been accompanied by degradation of the natural environment, especially on
278
G. M. Soto-Zarazúa et al.