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T. Ohde and H. Siegel
Acknowledgments The authors thank the Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research and the German
Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) within the framework of the SOPRAN (Surface Ocean Processes in the Anthropocene) project (FKZ 03F0473E). This research was based
on satellite data (MODIS, SeaWiFS) provided by NASA’s Giovanni, an online data visualization
and analysis tool. QuikScat, TMI and AMSR-E data were produced by Remote Sensing Systems.
NCEP Reanalysis data were provided by NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). METAR – data were contributed by NCAR/EOL under sponsorship of the National Science
Foundation. The MSG products were kindly provided by EUMETSAT. The MODIS images were
taken from MODIS Rapid Response Project. We also thank two anonymous reviewers for their
helpful comments on the original manuscript.
References
Altshuler EE (1983) The effects of a low-altitude nuclear burst on millimeter wave propagation.
Report, RADC-TR-83-286:1–19
Ansari AJ, Evans BG (1982) Microwave propagation in sand and dust storms. IEE Proc 129:315–322
Baker AR, Kelly SD, Biswas KF et al (2003) Atmospheric deposition of nutrients to the Atlantic
Ocean. Geophys Res Lett 30(24):2296. doi:10.1029/2003GL018518
Bartlett JS, Ciotti AM, Davis RF et al (1998) The spectral effects of clouds on solar irradiance. J
Geophys Res 103:31017–31031
Comparetto G (1993) The impact of dust and foliage on signal attenuation in the millimeter wave
regime. J Space Commun 11:13–20
Croot PL, Streu P, Baker AR (2004) Short residence time for iron in surface seawater impacted
by atmospheric dry deposition from Saharan dust events. Geophys Res Lett 31:L23S08.
doi:10.1029/2004GL020153
Duarte CM, Dachs J, Llabrés M et al (2006)Aerosol inputs enhance new production in the subtropical
northeast Atlantic. J Geophys Res 111:G04006
Frederick JE, Erlick C (1997) The attenuation of sunlight by high-latitude clouds: spectral
dependence and its physical mechanisms. J Atmos Sci 54:2813–2819
Gao Y, Kaufman YJ, Tanre’ D et al (2001) Seasonal distributions of aeolian iron fluxes to the global
ocean. Geophys Res Lett 28:29–32
Gregg WW, Carder KL (1990) A simple spectral solar irradiance model for cloudless maritime
atmospheres. Limnol Oceanogr 35:1657–1675
Jerlov NG (1976) Marine optics. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Kaufman YJ, Koren I, Remer LA et al (2005) Dust transport and deposition observed from the
Terra-Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) spacecraft over the Atlantic
Ocean. J Geophys Res 110:D10S12
Kopelevich OV (2012) Application of data on seawater light scattering for the study of marine
particles: a selective review focusing on Russian literature. Geo Mar Lett 32:183–193
Lee ZP, Ahn HW, Mobley C et al (2010) Removal of surface-reflected light for the measurement of
remote-sensing reflectance from an above-surface platform, Optic. Express 18:26313–26324
Meskhidze N, Chameides WL, Nenes A (2005) Dust and pollution: a recipe for enhanced ocean
fertizilation. J Geophys Res 110:D03301
Mobley CD (1999) Estimation of the remote-sensing reflectance from above-surface measurements.
Appl Optics 38(36):7442–7455
Ohde T (2010) Impact of Saharan dust on ocean surface wind speed derived by microwave satellite
sensors. J Infrared Millim Terahertz W 31(10):1225–1244. doi:10.1007/s10762-010-9695-z
Ohde T, Siegel H (2010) Biological response to coastal upwelling and dust deposition in the area
off Northwest Africa. Cont Shelf Res 30(9):1108–1119. doi:10.1016/j.csr.2010.02.016
Ohde T, Siegel H (2012a) Impacts of Saharan dust and clouds on photosynthetically available
radiation in the area off Northwest Africa. Tellus B64:17160. doi:10.3402/tellusb.v64i0.17160
T. Ohde and H. Siegel
Acknowledgments The authors thank the Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research and the German
Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) within the framework of the SOPRAN (Surface Ocean Processes in the Anthropocene) project (FKZ 03F0473E). This research was based
on satellite data (MODIS, SeaWiFS) provided by NASA’s Giovanni, an online data visualization
and analysis tool. QuikScat, TMI and AMSR-E data were produced by Remote Sensing Systems.
NCEP Reanalysis data were provided by NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). METAR – data were contributed by NCAR/EOL under sponsorship of the National Science
Foundation. The MSG products were kindly provided by EUMETSAT. The MODIS images were
taken from MODIS Rapid Response Project. We also thank two anonymous reviewers for their
helpful comments on the original manuscript.
References
Altshuler EE (1983) The effects of a low-altitude nuclear burst on millimeter wave propagation.
Report, RADC-TR-83-286:1–19
Ansari AJ, Evans BG (1982) Microwave propagation in sand and dust storms. IEE Proc 129:315–322
Baker AR, Kelly SD, Biswas KF et al (2003) Atmospheric deposition of nutrients to the Atlantic
Ocean. Geophys Res Lett 30(24):2296. doi:10.1029/2003GL018518
Bartlett JS, Ciotti AM, Davis RF et al (1998) The spectral effects of clouds on solar irradiance. J
Geophys Res 103:31017–31031
Comparetto G (1993) The impact of dust and foliage on signal attenuation in the millimeter wave
regime. J Space Commun 11:13–20
Croot PL, Streu P, Baker AR (2004) Short residence time for iron in surface seawater impacted
by atmospheric dry deposition from Saharan dust events. Geophys Res Lett 31:L23S08.
doi:10.1029/2004GL020153
Duarte CM, Dachs J, Llabrés M et al (2006)Aerosol inputs enhance new production in the subtropical
northeast Atlantic. J Geophys Res 111:G04006
Frederick JE, Erlick C (1997) The attenuation of sunlight by high-latitude clouds: spectral
dependence and its physical mechanisms. J Atmos Sci 54:2813–2819
Gao Y, Kaufman YJ, Tanre’ D et al (2001) Seasonal distributions of aeolian iron fluxes to the global
ocean. Geophys Res Lett 28:29–32
Gregg WW, Carder KL (1990) A simple spectral solar irradiance model for cloudless maritime
atmospheres. Limnol Oceanogr 35:1657–1675
Jerlov NG (1976) Marine optics. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Kaufman YJ, Koren I, Remer LA et al (2005) Dust transport and deposition observed from the
Terra-Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) spacecraft over the Atlantic
Ocean. J Geophys Res 110:D10S12
Kopelevich OV (2012) Application of data on seawater light scattering for the study of marine
particles: a selective review focusing on Russian literature. Geo Mar Lett 32:183–193
Lee ZP, Ahn HW, Mobley C et al (2010) Removal of surface-reflected light for the measurement of
remote-sensing reflectance from an above-surface platform, Optic. Express 18:26313–26324
Meskhidze N, Chameides WL, Nenes A (2005) Dust and pollution: a recipe for enhanced ocean
fertizilation. J Geophys Res 110:D03301
Mobley CD (1999) Estimation of the remote-sensing reflectance from above-surface measurements.
Appl Optics 38(36):7442–7455
Ohde T (2010) Impact of Saharan dust on ocean surface wind speed derived by microwave satellite
sensors. J Infrared Millim Terahertz W 31(10):1225–1244. doi:10.1007/s10762-010-9695-z
Ohde T, Siegel H (2010) Biological response to coastal upwelling and dust deposition in the area
off Northwest Africa. Cont Shelf Res 30(9):1108–1119. doi:10.1016/j.csr.2010.02.016
Ohde T, Siegel H (2012a) Impacts of Saharan dust and clouds on photosynthetically available
radiation in the area off Northwest Africa. Tellus B64:17160. doi:10.3402/tellusb.v64i0.17160