61
4 Historical Review of Cephalopods Culture
Experimental Station (Akashi, Japan). After settling, the octopus juveniles were
fed with small pieces of ovaries, testes and hepatic glands of the crab Charybdis
japonica, and, then after, with small shrimps or young crabs ( Gaetice depressus).
This work highlighted high mortalities, which were considered to be due to lack of
proper food in quantity. Finally, Choe (1966) provided more data on S� esculenta,
S� lycidas ( as S� subaculeata), S� inermis ( as S� maindroni), S� lessoniana and E�
berryi eggs, respective rearing setup, food and growth under captive conditions.
On the other hand, the culture of cephalopods for neurological studies produced
some research papers that described some techniques to maintain octopuses in
captivity. For instance, Coates et al. (1965) developed an automatic food dispenser
for O� vulgaris which was useful for maintaining these animals in captivity. This
apparatus was designed to make observations on the amount, time and frequency
of octopus feeding.
4.3 1970s: Cephalopod Biology Studies and Maintenance
Gain Momentum
In this decade, research generating further development of knowledge regarding
biology and aquaculture technology of cephalopods progressed with several publications from researchers from France (Laboratoire Arago, Banyuls-sur-Mer; and
Laboratoire de Biologie et d’Ecologie Marines, Université de Lille), Spain (Instituto de Investigaciones Pesqueras, Laboratorio de Cádiz and Vigo), USA (Marine
Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole; and University of Miami), among others. The
basic maintenance setups were developed by researchers who wanted to know more
about cephalopod biology and physiology and needed seawater systems that allowed keeping animals in captivity.
For instance, the doctoral thesis of Richard (1971) dedicated a whole chapter to
the culture of the European cuttlefish ( S� officinalis). Different temperatures and
their relation with the duration of embryonic development (e.g. 15 °C—87 days
against 21.4 °C—31 days), female sizes and hatching sizes were provided. In addition, conditions of the seawater systems to permit cuttlefish culture were presented,
such as data on open systems, waters flows (0.5 L min
−1
in 100 L tank), water heating (to insure the minimum specific temperatures of 9–10 °C), the use of sand bottom (better acclimatisation to captive conditions), the use of amphipods as food for
hatchlings and shrimps and crabs for juveniles or adults and density (D = cuttlefish
‘surface’/tank bottom surface = 1/10).
LaRoe (1971) described how to culture and maintain the squids S� sepioidea
and D� plei throughout the life cycle in captivity. In this study, information regarding the most important factors, such as food quantities (daily rates of 30–60 BW
(body weight) day
−1
), food conversion efficiency (10–20 %), minimum salinity (27
psu), minimum and maximum culture temperature (17.5–33 °C), oxygen concentrations and other information were provided. A different method for maintaining
Loligo vulgaris was presented by Neill (1971), which was based on the use of col-
4 Historical Review of Cephalopods Culture
Experimental Station (Akashi, Japan). After settling, the octopus juveniles were
fed with small pieces of ovaries, testes and hepatic glands of the crab Charybdis
japonica, and, then after, with small shrimps or young crabs ( Gaetice depressus).
This work highlighted high mortalities, which were considered to be due to lack of
proper food in quantity. Finally, Choe (1966) provided more data on S� esculenta,
S� lycidas ( as S� subaculeata), S� inermis ( as S� maindroni), S� lessoniana and E�
berryi eggs, respective rearing setup, food and growth under captive conditions.
On the other hand, the culture of cephalopods for neurological studies produced
some research papers that described some techniques to maintain octopuses in
captivity. For instance, Coates et al. (1965) developed an automatic food dispenser
for O� vulgaris which was useful for maintaining these animals in captivity. This
apparatus was designed to make observations on the amount, time and frequency
of octopus feeding.
4.3 1970s: Cephalopod Biology Studies and Maintenance
Gain Momentum
In this decade, research generating further development of knowledge regarding
biology and aquaculture technology of cephalopods progressed with several publications from researchers from France (Laboratoire Arago, Banyuls-sur-Mer; and
Laboratoire de Biologie et d’Ecologie Marines, Université de Lille), Spain (Instituto de Investigaciones Pesqueras, Laboratorio de Cádiz and Vigo), USA (Marine
Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole; and University of Miami), among others. The
basic maintenance setups were developed by researchers who wanted to know more
about cephalopod biology and physiology and needed seawater systems that allowed keeping animals in captivity.
For instance, the doctoral thesis of Richard (1971) dedicated a whole chapter to
the culture of the European cuttlefish ( S� officinalis). Different temperatures and
their relation with the duration of embryonic development (e.g. 15 °C—87 days
against 21.4 °C—31 days), female sizes and hatching sizes were provided. In addition, conditions of the seawater systems to permit cuttlefish culture were presented,
such as data on open systems, waters flows (0.5 L min
−1
in 100 L tank), water heating (to insure the minimum specific temperatures of 9–10 °C), the use of sand bottom (better acclimatisation to captive conditions), the use of amphipods as food for
hatchlings and shrimps and crabs for juveniles or adults and density (D = cuttlefish
‘surface’/tank bottom surface = 1/10).
LaRoe (1971) described how to culture and maintain the squids S� sepioidea
and D� plei throughout the life cycle in captivity. In this study, information regarding the most important factors, such as food quantities (daily rates of 30–60 BW
(body weight) day
−1
), food conversion efficiency (10–20 %), minimum salinity (27
psu), minimum and maximum culture temperature (17.5–33 °C), oxygen concentrations and other information were provided. A different method for maintaining
Loligo vulgaris was presented by Neill (1971), which was based on the use of col-