60
A. V. Sykes et al.
in Physiology and Medicine for their work on the behaviour of nerve impulses,
which used the giant axon of the Atlantic squid Doryteuthis pealeii. In addition, two
other Nobel Laureates worked with squid: the American, G. Wald honoured in 1967
for his research on chemical and physiological processes in the eye and Bernard
Katz of Great Britain, whose discoveries concerning the role played by chemicals
in nerve impulses won him the prize in 1970. From that point on, cephalopods
became the most relevant neurological model, with no peer in the animal kingdom
(Young 1985), and cephalopod culture was more than ever a necessity that needed
to be met. However, this was easier said than done and there was a need for studies
regarding the knowledge of species biology and the development of technology that
would allow for cephalopod culture.
Besides the interest on the cephalopod culture as biological models in neuroscience (Williamson and Chrachri 2004; Sio 2011), they also have been consistently used as models for research to understand processes of their biology (Wood
and O’Dor 2000; Koueta et al. 2006), mechatronics (Laschi et al. 2012), behaviour
(Wells 1962; Hanlon and Messenger 1996; Tricarico et al. 2011), evolution (Budelmann 1995; Strugnell et al. 2011) and climate changes (Pörtner and Farrell 2008;
Melzner et al. 2009). Moreover, they represent a quality food source for human
consumption (Vaz-Pires et al. 2004; Sykes et al. 2009; Uriarte et al. 2011). Other
uses, but not all, are presented by Lee et al. (1994). In this sense, the present chapter
provides a historical perspective of cephalopod culture in the world as informative
and detailed as possible, but, inevitably, there will be gaps and inaccuracies that
escaped our attention. The information is given considering a timescale on the advances on cephalopod culture since the 1960s up to 2000. Detail is given to the most
researched species, while citations of the existing literature and basic description
of its content are made for the remaining ones. To avoid any misunderstanding, the
terminology of maintenance, rearing and culture used throughout the chapter is that
proposed by Boletzky and Hanlon (1983).
4.2 1960s: The First Dedicated Studies
There are previous reports on maintaining and rearing of cephalopods of early
years but the first pioneer studies on the experimental culture of cephalopods are
dated from the 1960s, and many of them were performed by Korean and Japanese
researchers on species of the Sepiidae family. Ohshima and Choe (1961) described
the rearing success in four cephalopod species ( Sepioteuthis lessoniana, Sepia
esculenta, S� lycidas (as S� subaculeata) and Sepiella inermis (as S� maindroni))
with paralarvae/hatchlings being fed live mysid shrimp Neomysis japonica. Choe
and Ohshima (1963) provided more details on the rearing of those species and
of Euprymna berryi, namely information regarding the care of eggs, time of first
feeding, food items and survival. On the other hand, Itami et al. (1963) succeeded
in rearing Octopus vulgaris paralarvae up to the benthic juvenile stage in 33–
40 days on a diet of zoeas of Palaemon serrifer at Hyogo Prefectural Fisheries
A. V. Sykes et al.
in Physiology and Medicine for their work on the behaviour of nerve impulses,
which used the giant axon of the Atlantic squid Doryteuthis pealeii. In addition, two
other Nobel Laureates worked with squid: the American, G. Wald honoured in 1967
for his research on chemical and physiological processes in the eye and Bernard
Katz of Great Britain, whose discoveries concerning the role played by chemicals
in nerve impulses won him the prize in 1970. From that point on, cephalopods
became the most relevant neurological model, with no peer in the animal kingdom
(Young 1985), and cephalopod culture was more than ever a necessity that needed
to be met. However, this was easier said than done and there was a need for studies
regarding the knowledge of species biology and the development of technology that
would allow for cephalopod culture.
Besides the interest on the cephalopod culture as biological models in neuroscience (Williamson and Chrachri 2004; Sio 2011), they also have been consistently used as models for research to understand processes of their biology (Wood
and O’Dor 2000; Koueta et al. 2006), mechatronics (Laschi et al. 2012), behaviour
(Wells 1962; Hanlon and Messenger 1996; Tricarico et al. 2011), evolution (Budelmann 1995; Strugnell et al. 2011) and climate changes (Pörtner and Farrell 2008;
Melzner et al. 2009). Moreover, they represent a quality food source for human
consumption (Vaz-Pires et al. 2004; Sykes et al. 2009; Uriarte et al. 2011). Other
uses, but not all, are presented by Lee et al. (1994). In this sense, the present chapter
provides a historical perspective of cephalopod culture in the world as informative
and detailed as possible, but, inevitably, there will be gaps and inaccuracies that
escaped our attention. The information is given considering a timescale on the advances on cephalopod culture since the 1960s up to 2000. Detail is given to the most
researched species, while citations of the existing literature and basic description
of its content are made for the remaining ones. To avoid any misunderstanding, the
terminology of maintenance, rearing and culture used throughout the chapter is that
proposed by Boletzky and Hanlon (1983).
4.2 1960s: The First Dedicated Studies
There are previous reports on maintaining and rearing of cephalopods of early
years but the first pioneer studies on the experimental culture of cephalopods are
dated from the 1960s, and many of them were performed by Korean and Japanese
researchers on species of the Sepiidae family. Ohshima and Choe (1961) described
the rearing success in four cephalopod species ( Sepioteuthis lessoniana, Sepia
esculenta, S� lycidas (as S� subaculeata) and Sepiella inermis (as S� maindroni))
with paralarvae/hatchlings being fed live mysid shrimp Neomysis japonica. Choe
and Ohshima (1963) provided more details on the rearing of those species and
of Euprymna berryi, namely information regarding the care of eggs, time of first
feeding, food items and survival. On the other hand, Itami et al. (1963) succeeded
in rearing Octopus vulgaris paralarvae up to the benthic juvenile stage in 33–
40 days on a diet of zoeas of Palaemon serrifer at Hyogo Prefectural Fisheries