62
A. V. Sykes et al.
lapsible plastic home swimming pools converted to ring-shaped arenas by using a
suspended plastic opaque wall and continuous lighting. According to this author,
squids should be kept in groups, fed live prawns and the tanks should be part of an
open seawater system. Boletzky et al. (1971) described the laboratory rearing of
Sepiolinae in small volumes (5–50 L) in a closed seawater system. Cuttlefish were
fed on live mysids ( Leptomysis mediterranea) and shrimp ( Leander serratus). A
description of their behaviour in captivity and feeding was provided, as well as
indications on growth, maturation and spawning in captivity that were reported
for the first time.
Two similar types of works were published by Boletzky (1974b, c). In these
articles, Boletzky described the methods used to rear cephalopods in the laboratory for several orders, such as Sepioidea, Teuthoidea and Octopoda. It reviewed
aspects such as water supply (open and semiopen seawater systems), water quality
through filtering, reproduction behaviour, egg collection either from nature or from
captive spawners, embryonic development periods according to given temperatures and rearing of paralarvae or hatchlings (food, temperature, light, enriched
environments, feeding rates and densities). In that same year, Boletzky (1974d)
also published a review on the biology of embryonic and post-embryonic development of cephalopods with the aim of defining whether cephalopod hatchlings
should be called larvae, and a study on the effects of malnutrition on the development of S� officinalis cuttlebone (Boletzky 1974a). At the same time, Arnold et al.
(1974) published a guide for the laboratory use of the squid D� pealeii, which
included information regarding collection, maintenance, reproductive behaviour,
embryonic development, the visual system, plus protocols for the use of squid for
electrophysiology, among others. Summers and McMahon (1974) and Summers
et al. (1974) described capture methods and seawater systems for maintenance of
the same species. In addition, Overath and Boletzky (1974) described basic conditions to maintain eggs of the blue-ringed octopus Hapalochlaena lunulata through
the embryonic development.
Boletzky (1975) described how to rear Eledone moschata from hatching to
adulthood in aquaria, by feeding a diet of shrimp and crabs. He verified that, in
this species, males mature later than females. In that same year, Richard (1975)
published a very complete guide on cuttlefish culture, resulting from 10 years of
research. Due to the location of the research laboratory (Station Marine de Wimereux, France), the cuttlefish culture setup used open seawater systems, water
heaters (to maintain water temperature above the minimum reported for the species), sand in the bottom of the tanks and dim illumination. This author also reported values for optimal density (1/10 of the animals’ surface to the tank surface)
and the use of live prey items with half the size of cuttlefish (which should not be
provided in excess).
O’Dor et al. (1977) described methods for collection and maintenance of Illex
illecebrosus in a 15 m diameter tank and gave information on reproduction and life
cycle in captivity. Guerra (1978) described a basic seawater setup to maintain O�
vulgaris individuals in the laboratory. In this latter study, not only were a wide variety of live and dead prey items tested as food for octopuses but also its behaviour
A. V. Sykes et al.
lapsible plastic home swimming pools converted to ring-shaped arenas by using a
suspended plastic opaque wall and continuous lighting. According to this author,
squids should be kept in groups, fed live prawns and the tanks should be part of an
open seawater system. Boletzky et al. (1971) described the laboratory rearing of
Sepiolinae in small volumes (5–50 L) in a closed seawater system. Cuttlefish were
fed on live mysids ( Leptomysis mediterranea) and shrimp ( Leander serratus). A
description of their behaviour in captivity and feeding was provided, as well as
indications on growth, maturation and spawning in captivity that were reported
for the first time.
Two similar types of works were published by Boletzky (1974b, c). In these
articles, Boletzky described the methods used to rear cephalopods in the laboratory for several orders, such as Sepioidea, Teuthoidea and Octopoda. It reviewed
aspects such as water supply (open and semiopen seawater systems), water quality
through filtering, reproduction behaviour, egg collection either from nature or from
captive spawners, embryonic development periods according to given temperatures and rearing of paralarvae or hatchlings (food, temperature, light, enriched
environments, feeding rates and densities). In that same year, Boletzky (1974d)
also published a review on the biology of embryonic and post-embryonic development of cephalopods with the aim of defining whether cephalopod hatchlings
should be called larvae, and a study on the effects of malnutrition on the development of S� officinalis cuttlebone (Boletzky 1974a). At the same time, Arnold et al.
(1974) published a guide for the laboratory use of the squid D� pealeii, which
included information regarding collection, maintenance, reproductive behaviour,
embryonic development, the visual system, plus protocols for the use of squid for
electrophysiology, among others. Summers and McMahon (1974) and Summers
et al. (1974) described capture methods and seawater systems for maintenance of
the same species. In addition, Overath and Boletzky (1974) described basic conditions to maintain eggs of the blue-ringed octopus Hapalochlaena lunulata through
the embryonic development.
Boletzky (1975) described how to rear Eledone moschata from hatching to
adulthood in aquaria, by feeding a diet of shrimp and crabs. He verified that, in
this species, males mature later than females. In that same year, Richard (1975)
published a very complete guide on cuttlefish culture, resulting from 10 years of
research. Due to the location of the research laboratory (Station Marine de Wimereux, France), the cuttlefish culture setup used open seawater systems, water
heaters (to maintain water temperature above the minimum reported for the species), sand in the bottom of the tanks and dim illumination. This author also reported values for optimal density (1/10 of the animals’ surface to the tank surface)
and the use of live prey items with half the size of cuttlefish (which should not be
provided in excess).
O’Dor et al. (1977) described methods for collection and maintenance of Illex
illecebrosus in a 15 m diameter tank and gave information on reproduction and life
cycle in captivity. Guerra (1978) described a basic seawater setup to maintain O�
vulgaris individuals in the laboratory. In this latter study, not only were a wide variety of live and dead prey items tested as food for octopuses but also its behaviour