138
N. Koueta et al.
uang et al. 2000), improve the health and function of the digestive system, positively
affect the neurological system (Dorman et al. 1995; Le Poncin 1996a, b), have antioxidative effects (Boukortt et al. 2004) and can inactivate angiotensin I-converting
enzyme (ACE; Wako et al. 1996). Moreover, bioactive substances may be derived
from the enzymatic hydrolysis of some by-products followed by a qualitative separation of proteins or peptides with specific properties. Depending on the species and
by-products, the diversity of potentially bioactive molecules is high. Their properties
are numerous: immune stimulation, anti-hypertension, antistress, gastric stimulation
and regulation of calcium metabolism (Le Bihan 2006) but they need to be optimized
(Guérard 2006). In this way, bioactive peptides can be released by enzymatic proteolysis of food proteins and may act as potential physiological modulators of metabolism during the intestinal digestion of the diet. Bioactive peptides usually contain
3–20 amino acid residues and their activity is based on their amino acid composition
and sequence (Le Bihan 2006).
In the last decade, a large number of studies have examined the enzymatic hydrolysis of collagen or gelatine for the production of bioactive peptides. Besides exploring
different types of bioactivities, of an antimicrobial, antioxidant or antihypertensive
nature, studies have also focused on the effect of oral intake in both animal and human models, revealing the excellent absorption and metabolism of peptides containing hydroxyproline (hyp; Gómez-Guillén et al. 2011). Giménez et al. (2009a) showed
that antioxidant capacity of squid gelatines was largely increased by hydrolysis with
alcalase for 3 h at 50 °C. Balti et al. (2008) showed that selective enzymatic hydrolysis of cuttlefish product proteins improved their functional and biological activities.
Gelatine produces bioactive peptides by protease hydrolysis which act as inhibitors of ACE (Kim et al. 2001). This enzyme plays an important physiological role in
regulating blood pressure. Balti et al. (2010) concluded that the hydrolysate of cuttlefish by-product proteins has an excellent solubility and a high ACE-inhibitory activity. Alemán et al. (2011b) hydrolysed gelatine obtained from giant squid ( D� gigas)
with the aim of producing bioactive hydrolysates. Squid skin gelatines have been reported to give rise to biologically active peptides with high ACE-inhibitory and antioxidant activity, the latter due to its radical-scavenging capacity, metal-chelating effects and reducing power or lipid peroxidation inhibition (Alemán et al. 2011b). Lin
and Li (2012) conclude that ACE inhibitors derived from squid by-products could
be used to prevent hypertension. In this study, the hydrolysate produced from squid
skin gelatine had good ACE-inhibitory activity in vitro (IC50 = 0.33 mg mL
−1
). Gelatine also produces bioactive peptides by hydrolysis which acts as antioxidants (Lin
and Li 2006). Giménez et al. (2009b) concluded in their study that the squid gelatine
hydrolysate can be used in food systems as a natural additive with antioxidant properties and foaming and emulsifying functionalities. In another study, Ramasamy
et al. (2011) extracted some polysaccharides from cuttlebone and demonstrated that
there exists antibacterial activity against different bacterial strains. At the same time,
no antifungal activity was detected (Ramasamy et al. 2011).
Le Bihan (2006) has studied the possibility of valorising cuttlefish viscera using
a silage method. The author demonstrates that cuttlefish visceral silage can be used
in aquaculture for its functional properties. Indeed, the produced silage contains
N. Koueta et al.
uang et al. 2000), improve the health and function of the digestive system, positively
affect the neurological system (Dorman et al. 1995; Le Poncin 1996a, b), have antioxidative effects (Boukortt et al. 2004) and can inactivate angiotensin I-converting
enzyme (ACE; Wako et al. 1996). Moreover, bioactive substances may be derived
from the enzymatic hydrolysis of some by-products followed by a qualitative separation of proteins or peptides with specific properties. Depending on the species and
by-products, the diversity of potentially bioactive molecules is high. Their properties
are numerous: immune stimulation, anti-hypertension, antistress, gastric stimulation
and regulation of calcium metabolism (Le Bihan 2006) but they need to be optimized
(Guérard 2006). In this way, bioactive peptides can be released by enzymatic proteolysis of food proteins and may act as potential physiological modulators of metabolism during the intestinal digestion of the diet. Bioactive peptides usually contain
3–20 amino acid residues and their activity is based on their amino acid composition
and sequence (Le Bihan 2006).
In the last decade, a large number of studies have examined the enzymatic hydrolysis of collagen or gelatine for the production of bioactive peptides. Besides exploring
different types of bioactivities, of an antimicrobial, antioxidant or antihypertensive
nature, studies have also focused on the effect of oral intake in both animal and human models, revealing the excellent absorption and metabolism of peptides containing hydroxyproline (hyp; Gómez-Guillén et al. 2011). Giménez et al. (2009a) showed
that antioxidant capacity of squid gelatines was largely increased by hydrolysis with
alcalase for 3 h at 50 °C. Balti et al. (2008) showed that selective enzymatic hydrolysis of cuttlefish product proteins improved their functional and biological activities.
Gelatine produces bioactive peptides by protease hydrolysis which act as inhibitors of ACE (Kim et al. 2001). This enzyme plays an important physiological role in
regulating blood pressure. Balti et al. (2010) concluded that the hydrolysate of cuttlefish by-product proteins has an excellent solubility and a high ACE-inhibitory activity. Alemán et al. (2011b) hydrolysed gelatine obtained from giant squid ( D� gigas)
with the aim of producing bioactive hydrolysates. Squid skin gelatines have been reported to give rise to biologically active peptides with high ACE-inhibitory and antioxidant activity, the latter due to its radical-scavenging capacity, metal-chelating effects and reducing power or lipid peroxidation inhibition (Alemán et al. 2011b). Lin
and Li (2012) conclude that ACE inhibitors derived from squid by-products could
be used to prevent hypertension. In this study, the hydrolysate produced from squid
skin gelatine had good ACE-inhibitory activity in vitro (IC50 = 0.33 mg mL
−1
). Gelatine also produces bioactive peptides by hydrolysis which acts as antioxidants (Lin
and Li 2006). Giménez et al. (2009b) concluded in their study that the squid gelatine
hydrolysate can be used in food systems as a natural additive with antioxidant properties and foaming and emulsifying functionalities. In another study, Ramasamy
et al. (2011) extracted some polysaccharides from cuttlebone and demonstrated that
there exists antibacterial activity against different bacterial strains. At the same time,
no antifungal activity was detected (Ramasamy et al. 2011).
Le Bihan (2006) has studied the possibility of valorising cuttlefish viscera using
a silage method. The author demonstrates that cuttlefish visceral silage can be used
in aquaculture for its functional properties. Indeed, the produced silage contains