139
8 Applications, Uses and By-products from Cephalopods
more than 80 % of peptides; many of them are functional peptides with numerous
bioactivities, such as stimulating the digestion, immune stimulation and growth acceleration (Le Bihan 2006).
8.2.6 Peptones
Peptones are water-soluble protein hydrolysates which are non-coagulating with
heat. Their high content in crude protein (resulting from the hydrolysis of proteins)
and their natural wealth in fat, salt minerals and vitamins make them an ideal substrate for the microbial industry producing pharmacological substances and starters (lactic acid products, dairy, fungi for the manufacture of cheese, etc.). Thus, it
would be very advantageous to convert by-products into a fermentation substrate
for microbial growth and production of bio-products. Indeed, growth substrates
constitute a major cost in the production of microbial cells and bio-products by the
fermentation industry. In most instances, the growth medium accounts for approximately 40 % of the production cost of industrial enzymes. Several researchers have
explored the potentiality of cephalopod by-products to produce peptones. Peptones
are usually obtained from casein, soy protein, gelatine and meat (Reissbrodt et al.
1995). Nevertheless, due to its favourable amino acid balance and high protein content, marine wastes represent a potential source of industrial peptones.
Souissi et al. (2008) studied the cuttlefish powder from S� officinalis by-products
and tested it as a fermentation substrate for microbial growth and protease production using several species of bacteria. Cuttlefish powder is a complex substrate;
notably it contains substances essential to microbial media such as carbon and nitrogen and minerals. This process, which converts underutilized wastes into more
marketable and acceptable forms, coupled with protease production, could provide
an alternative to the biological treatment of solid and liquid wastes generated by the
cuttlefish-processing industry (Souissi et al. 2008). Vázquez et al. (2004) studied
various peptones obtained from hydrolysed visceral homogenates of four fishery
residues, and showed their suitability for promoting the growth of lactic acid bacteria, microorganisms with particularly complex requirements regarding peptidic
nutrients. This work demonstrates that squid hydrolysate can substitute for other
peptones in the habitual formulations for culture of lactic acid bacteria, promoting
biomass and bacteriocin production that equals or surpasses those obtained on highcost media traditionally recommended for these purposes. Vázquez and Murado
(2008) considered diverse groups of peptones obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis of
wastewater from the industrial processing of octopus and showed their effectiveness
to promote the growth of lactic acid bacteria and the production of bacteriocins. Le
Bihan (2006) explored the potential to use cuttlefish silage as peptones for microorganisms. This study demonstrated the conceivable use of silage as peptone as it can
obtain growth kinetics equivalent to that of commercial peptones of various origins
(meat, soy and casein).
8 Applications, Uses and By-products from Cephalopods
more than 80 % of peptides; many of them are functional peptides with numerous
bioactivities, such as stimulating the digestion, immune stimulation and growth acceleration (Le Bihan 2006).
8.2.6 Peptones
Peptones are water-soluble protein hydrolysates which are non-coagulating with
heat. Their high content in crude protein (resulting from the hydrolysis of proteins)
and their natural wealth in fat, salt minerals and vitamins make them an ideal substrate for the microbial industry producing pharmacological substances and starters (lactic acid products, dairy, fungi for the manufacture of cheese, etc.). Thus, it
would be very advantageous to convert by-products into a fermentation substrate
for microbial growth and production of bio-products. Indeed, growth substrates
constitute a major cost in the production of microbial cells and bio-products by the
fermentation industry. In most instances, the growth medium accounts for approximately 40 % of the production cost of industrial enzymes. Several researchers have
explored the potentiality of cephalopod by-products to produce peptones. Peptones
are usually obtained from casein, soy protein, gelatine and meat (Reissbrodt et al.
1995). Nevertheless, due to its favourable amino acid balance and high protein content, marine wastes represent a potential source of industrial peptones.
Souissi et al. (2008) studied the cuttlefish powder from S� officinalis by-products
and tested it as a fermentation substrate for microbial growth and protease production using several species of bacteria. Cuttlefish powder is a complex substrate;
notably it contains substances essential to microbial media such as carbon and nitrogen and minerals. This process, which converts underutilized wastes into more
marketable and acceptable forms, coupled with protease production, could provide
an alternative to the biological treatment of solid and liquid wastes generated by the
cuttlefish-processing industry (Souissi et al. 2008). Vázquez et al. (2004) studied
various peptones obtained from hydrolysed visceral homogenates of four fishery
residues, and showed their suitability for promoting the growth of lactic acid bacteria, microorganisms with particularly complex requirements regarding peptidic
nutrients. This work demonstrates that squid hydrolysate can substitute for other
peptones in the habitual formulations for culture of lactic acid bacteria, promoting
biomass and bacteriocin production that equals or surpasses those obtained on highcost media traditionally recommended for these purposes. Vázquez and Murado
(2008) considered diverse groups of peptones obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis of
wastewater from the industrial processing of octopus and showed their effectiveness
to promote the growth of lactic acid bacteria and the production of bacteriocins. Le
Bihan (2006) explored the potential to use cuttlefish silage as peptones for microorganisms. This study demonstrated the conceivable use of silage as peptone as it can
obtain growth kinetics equivalent to that of commercial peptones of various origins
(meat, soy and casein).