137
8 Applications, Uses and By-products from Cephalopods
foam stability and gel strength. This gelatine extract can be used as an additive in
food materials. Alemán et al. (2011b) have hydrolysed gelatines obtained from the
skins of jumbo flying squid to produce antioxidant peptides. Hydrophobic amino
acids have been obtained in several antioxidant peptide sequences, and, in addition,
these authors suggested that the presence of hydrophobic amino acids in the peptide
sequences in jumbo squid skin gelatine contributed greatly to its antioxidant properties, mainly inhibition of lipid peroxidation. In this way, hydrolysates of jumbo
flying squid skin gelatine had a scavenging effect on radicals, probably because of
the presence of proline residues in the peptide sequence.
8.2.4 Calcium and Hydroxyapatite
Cuttlebone from cuttlefish is rich in calcium. Shells are found to be the richest
sources of calcium carbonate and have been utilized for various purposes after following appropriate treatments. Due to its similarity with the mineral constituents
of bones, hydroxyapatite (HAP; Ca 10 (PO 4 ) 6 (OH) 2 ) has excellent biocompatibility
and has been studied for many years as an implant material (Le Geros and Le Geros
1993). When shells are calcined at a proper temperature, calcium carbonate converts into calcium oxide (CaO), which is a metal oxide. Researchers have found that
the CaO prepared from the waste shells can be used as a catalyst in the biodiesel
production process. Utilization of waste shells as a source of CaO not only gives an
opportunity to use it as catalyst but also adds value to the waste generated (Boroa
et al. 2012). Ngamcharussrivichai et al. (2010) investigated the possibility of using various types of natural calcium as the catalysts for the methanolysis of palm
kernel oil, which is readily available at a relatively low price from Thailand. Powders of recycled cuttlefish bone and phosphoric acid solutions were used to synthesize HAP. The calcium materials applied to the study included calcite, cuttlebone,
dolomite, HAP and dicalcium phosphate. The effects of calcination temperature
on the physicochemical properties of the resultant catalysts as well as the effects
of reaction conditions on the formation of methyl esters have been investigated
(Ngamcharussrivichai et al. 2010). HAP structures for tissue engineering applications can be produced by hydrothermal treatment of the aragonitic form of cuttlefish
bone at 200°C for 24 h as processed by Ivankovic et al. (2009).
8.2.5 Functional Peptides
Dietary proteins are a source of biologically active peptides, which are inactive in the
parent protein sequence but can be liberated during gastrointestinal digestion, food
processing or fermentation. Viscera, digestive organs, brain and endocrine organs
are rich in a number of peptides, hormones and neuropeptides, some of which have
already been used as therapeutics. This includes generally immunomodulatory, antibacterial, antithrombic and antihypertensive activity (Murray and FitzGerald 2007).
Peptides can stimulate blood cells proliferation (Thongthai and Gildberg 2005; Ch-
8 Applications, Uses and By-products from Cephalopods
foam stability and gel strength. This gelatine extract can be used as an additive in
food materials. Alemán et al. (2011b) have hydrolysed gelatines obtained from the
skins of jumbo flying squid to produce antioxidant peptides. Hydrophobic amino
acids have been obtained in several antioxidant peptide sequences, and, in addition,
these authors suggested that the presence of hydrophobic amino acids in the peptide
sequences in jumbo squid skin gelatine contributed greatly to its antioxidant properties, mainly inhibition of lipid peroxidation. In this way, hydrolysates of jumbo
flying squid skin gelatine had a scavenging effect on radicals, probably because of
the presence of proline residues in the peptide sequence.
8.2.4 Calcium and Hydroxyapatite
Cuttlebone from cuttlefish is rich in calcium. Shells are found to be the richest
sources of calcium carbonate and have been utilized for various purposes after following appropriate treatments. Due to its similarity with the mineral constituents
of bones, hydroxyapatite (HAP; Ca 10 (PO 4 ) 6 (OH) 2 ) has excellent biocompatibility
and has been studied for many years as an implant material (Le Geros and Le Geros
1993). When shells are calcined at a proper temperature, calcium carbonate converts into calcium oxide (CaO), which is a metal oxide. Researchers have found that
the CaO prepared from the waste shells can be used as a catalyst in the biodiesel
production process. Utilization of waste shells as a source of CaO not only gives an
opportunity to use it as catalyst but also adds value to the waste generated (Boroa
et al. 2012). Ngamcharussrivichai et al. (2010) investigated the possibility of using various types of natural calcium as the catalysts for the methanolysis of palm
kernel oil, which is readily available at a relatively low price from Thailand. Powders of recycled cuttlefish bone and phosphoric acid solutions were used to synthesize HAP. The calcium materials applied to the study included calcite, cuttlebone,
dolomite, HAP and dicalcium phosphate. The effects of calcination temperature
on the physicochemical properties of the resultant catalysts as well as the effects
of reaction conditions on the formation of methyl esters have been investigated
(Ngamcharussrivichai et al. 2010). HAP structures for tissue engineering applications can be produced by hydrothermal treatment of the aragonitic form of cuttlefish
bone at 200°C for 24 h as processed by Ivankovic et al. (2009).
8.2.5 Functional Peptides
Dietary proteins are a source of biologically active peptides, which are inactive in the
parent protein sequence but can be liberated during gastrointestinal digestion, food
processing or fermentation. Viscera, digestive organs, brain and endocrine organs
are rich in a number of peptides, hormones and neuropeptides, some of which have
already been used as therapeutics. This includes generally immunomodulatory, antibacterial, antithrombic and antihypertensive activity (Murray and FitzGerald 2007).
Peptides can stimulate blood cells proliferation (Thongthai and Gildberg 2005; Ch-