23. Haugland RA, Siefring SC, Wymer LJ, Brenner KP, Dufour AP (2005) Comparison of
Enterococcus measurements in freshwater at two recreational beaches by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and membrane filter culture analysis. Water Res 39:559–568
24. Boehm AB, Fuhrman JA, Mrs ˇe RD, Grant SB (2003) Tiered approach for identification of a
human fecal pollution source at a recreational beach: Case study at Avalon Cay, Catalina
Island, California. Environ Sci Technol 37(4):673–680
25. Weiskel PK, Howes BL, Heufelder GR (1996) Coliform contamination of a coastal embayment: sources and transport pathways. Environ Sci Technol 30:1872–1881
26. Whitman RL, Shivley DA, Pawlik H, Nevers MB, Byappanahalli MN (2003) Occurrence of
Escherichia coli and enterococci in Cladophora (Chlorophyta) in nearshore water and beach
sand of Lake Michigan. Appl Environ Microbiol 69(8):4714–4719
27. Badgley BD, Thomas FIM, Harwood VJ (2010) The effects of submerged aquatic vegetation
on the persistence of environmental populations of Enterococcus spp. Environ Microbiol
12:1271–1281
28. Grant SB, Sanders BF, Boehm AB, Redman JA, Kim JH, Mrs ˇe RD, Chu AK, Gouldin M,
McGee CD, Gardiner NA, Jones BH, Svejkovsky J, Leipzig GV, Brown A (2001) Generation
of enterococci bacteria in a coastal saltwater marsh and its impact on surf zone water quality.
Environ Sci Technol 35(12):2407–2416
29. Whitlock JE, Jones DT, Harwood VJ (2002) Identification of the sources of fecal coliforms in
an urban watershed using antibiotic resistance analysis. Water Res 36(17):4273–4282
30. Fisher DS, Steiner JL, Endale DM, Stuedemann JA, Schomberg HH, Franzluebbers AJ,
Wilkinson SR (2000) The relationship of land use practices to surface water quality in the
Upper Oconee watershed of Georgia. For Ecol Manage 128(1–2):39–48
31. Burnes BS (2003) Antibiotic resistance analysis of fecal coliforms to determine fecal
pollution sources in a mixed-use watershed. Environ Monit Assess 85(1):87–98
32. Jiang S, Noble R, Chui WP (2001) Human adenoviruses and coliphages in urban runoff—
impacted coastal waters of Southern California. Appl Environ Microbiol 67(1):179–184
33. Petersen TM, Rifai HS, Suarez MP, Stein AR (2005) Bacteria loads from point and nonpoint
sources in an urban watershed. J Environ Eng ASCE 131(10):1414–1425
34. Wyer MD, Fleisher JM, Gough J, Kay D, Merrett H (1995) An investigation into parametric
relationships between enterovirus and faecal indicator organisms in the coastal waters of
England and Wales. Water Res 29(8):1863–1868
35. Leadbetter ER (1997) Prokaryotic diversity: form, ecophysiology, and habitat. In: Hurst CJ,
Crawford RL, Garland JL, Lipson DA (eds) Manual of environmental microbiology. American Society for Microbiology, Washington DC, pp 14–24
36. Harwood VJ, Stoeckel D (2011) Performance criteria. In: Hagedorn C, Blanch A, Harwood
VJ (eds) Microbial source tracking: methods, applications, and case studies. Springer,
New York, pp 7–30
37. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2001) Protocol for developing pathogen TMDLs.
EPA 841-R-00-002. Office of Water (4503F). Washington DC, p 132
38. Painter W (2005) Origins and status of TMDL regulation. In: Younos T (ed) Total maximum
load—approaches and challenges. PenWell Books, Tulsa, pp 1–45
39. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2011) National summary of impaired waters and
TMDL information. http://www.epa.gov/waters/ir/index.html. Accessed 1 July 2014
40. Virginia Department of Environmental Quality (2012) TMDLs in Virginia. http://www.deq.
state.va.us/programs/water/waterqualityinformationtmdls/tmdl.aspx
41. Benhem B, Krometis LA, Yagow G, Kline K, Dillaha T (2011) Applications of microbial
source tracking in the TMDL process. In: Hagedorn C, Blanch A, Harwood VJ (eds)
Microbial source tracking: methods, applications, and case studies. Springer, New York, pp
313–336
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2008) Handbook for developing watershed plans to
restore and protect our waters. EPA 841-B-08-002. Washington DC, p 400
284
B. Badgley and C. Hagedorn
Enterococcus measurements in freshwater at two recreational beaches by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and membrane filter culture analysis. Water Res 39:559–568
24. Boehm AB, Fuhrman JA, Mrs ˇe RD, Grant SB (2003) Tiered approach for identification of a
human fecal pollution source at a recreational beach: Case study at Avalon Cay, Catalina
Island, California. Environ Sci Technol 37(4):673–680
25. Weiskel PK, Howes BL, Heufelder GR (1996) Coliform contamination of a coastal embayment: sources and transport pathways. Environ Sci Technol 30:1872–1881
26. Whitman RL, Shivley DA, Pawlik H, Nevers MB, Byappanahalli MN (2003) Occurrence of
Escherichia coli and enterococci in Cladophora (Chlorophyta) in nearshore water and beach
sand of Lake Michigan. Appl Environ Microbiol 69(8):4714–4719
27. Badgley BD, Thomas FIM, Harwood VJ (2010) The effects of submerged aquatic vegetation
on the persistence of environmental populations of Enterococcus spp. Environ Microbiol
12:1271–1281
28. Grant SB, Sanders BF, Boehm AB, Redman JA, Kim JH, Mrs ˇe RD, Chu AK, Gouldin M,
McGee CD, Gardiner NA, Jones BH, Svejkovsky J, Leipzig GV, Brown A (2001) Generation
of enterococci bacteria in a coastal saltwater marsh and its impact on surf zone water quality.
Environ Sci Technol 35(12):2407–2416
29. Whitlock JE, Jones DT, Harwood VJ (2002) Identification of the sources of fecal coliforms in
an urban watershed using antibiotic resistance analysis. Water Res 36(17):4273–4282
30. Fisher DS, Steiner JL, Endale DM, Stuedemann JA, Schomberg HH, Franzluebbers AJ,
Wilkinson SR (2000) The relationship of land use practices to surface water quality in the
Upper Oconee watershed of Georgia. For Ecol Manage 128(1–2):39–48
31. Burnes BS (2003) Antibiotic resistance analysis of fecal coliforms to determine fecal
pollution sources in a mixed-use watershed. Environ Monit Assess 85(1):87–98
32. Jiang S, Noble R, Chui WP (2001) Human adenoviruses and coliphages in urban runoff—
impacted coastal waters of Southern California. Appl Environ Microbiol 67(1):179–184
33. Petersen TM, Rifai HS, Suarez MP, Stein AR (2005) Bacteria loads from point and nonpoint
sources in an urban watershed. J Environ Eng ASCE 131(10):1414–1425
34. Wyer MD, Fleisher JM, Gough J, Kay D, Merrett H (1995) An investigation into parametric
relationships between enterovirus and faecal indicator organisms in the coastal waters of
England and Wales. Water Res 29(8):1863–1868
35. Leadbetter ER (1997) Prokaryotic diversity: form, ecophysiology, and habitat. In: Hurst CJ,
Crawford RL, Garland JL, Lipson DA (eds) Manual of environmental microbiology. American Society for Microbiology, Washington DC, pp 14–24
36. Harwood VJ, Stoeckel D (2011) Performance criteria. In: Hagedorn C, Blanch A, Harwood
VJ (eds) Microbial source tracking: methods, applications, and case studies. Springer,
New York, pp 7–30
37. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2001) Protocol for developing pathogen TMDLs.
EPA 841-R-00-002. Office of Water (4503F). Washington DC, p 132
38. Painter W (2005) Origins and status of TMDL regulation. In: Younos T (ed) Total maximum
load—approaches and challenges. PenWell Books, Tulsa, pp 1–45
39. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2011) National summary of impaired waters and
TMDL information. http://www.epa.gov/waters/ir/index.html. Accessed 1 July 2014
40. Virginia Department of Environmental Quality (2012) TMDLs in Virginia. http://www.deq.
state.va.us/programs/water/waterqualityinformationtmdls/tmdl.aspx
41. Benhem B, Krometis LA, Yagow G, Kline K, Dillaha T (2011) Applications of microbial
source tracking in the TMDL process. In: Hagedorn C, Blanch A, Harwood VJ (eds)
Microbial source tracking: methods, applications, and case studies. Springer, New York, pp
313–336
42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2008) Handbook for developing watershed plans to
restore and protect our waters. EPA 841-B-08-002. Washington DC, p 400
284
B. Badgley and C. Hagedorn