62. Omernik JM (1987) Ecoregions of the conterminous United States. Ann Assoc Am Geogr
77:118–125
63. Hughes RM, Larsen DP, Omernik JM (1986) Regional reference sites: a method for assessing
stream potentials. Environ Manage 10:629–635
64. Aroviita J, Mykra H, Muotka T et al (2009) Influence of geographical extent on typology- and
model-based assessments of taxonomic completeness of river macroinvertebrates. Freshw
Biol 54:1774–1787
65. Hawkins CP, Norris RH, Gerritsen J et al (2000) Evaluation of the use of landscape
classifications for the prediction of freshwater biota: synthesis and recommendations.
J North Am Benthol Soc 19:541–556
66. Dallas HF (2004) Spatial variability in macroinvertebrate assemblages: comparing regional
and multivariate approaches for classifying reference sites in South Africa. Afr J Aquat Sci
29:161–171
67. Dail MR, Hill JR, Miller RD (2013) The Virginia coastal plain macroinvertebrate index.
Technical bulletin WQA/2013-002. Virginia Department of Environmental Quality,
Richmond
68. Burton J, Gerritsen J (2003) A stream condition index for Virginia non-coastal streams. TetraTech, Owings Mills
69. Hawkins CP, Vinson MR (2000) Weak correspondence between landscape classifications
and stream invertebrate assemblages: implications for bioassessment. J North Am Benthol
Soc 19:501–517
70. Wright J, Moss D, Armitage P et al (1984) A preliminary classification of running-water sites
in Great Britain based on macro-invertebrate species and the prediction of community type
using environmental data. Freshw Biol 14:221–256
71. Wright JF, Sutcliffe DW, Furse MT (2000) Assessing the biological quality of freshwaters.
RIVPACS and other techniques. Freshwater Biological Association, Ambleside
72. Hawkins CP, Norris RH, Hogue JN et al (2000) Development and evaluation of predictive
models for measuring the biological integrity of streams. Ecol Appl 10:1456–1477
73. Smith M, Kay W, Edward D et al (1999) AusRivAS: using macroinvertebrates to assess
ecological condition of rivers in Western Australia. Freshw Biol 41:269–282
74. Reynoldson TB, Bailey R, Day K et al (1995) Biological guidelines for freshwater sediment
based on BEnthic Assessment of SedimenT (the BEAST) using a multivariate approach for
predicting biological state. Aust J Ecol 20:198–219
75. Pond GJ, North SH (2013) Application of a benthic observed/expected-type model for
assessing Central Appalachian streams influenced by regional stressors in West Virginia
and Kentucky. Environ Monit Assess 185:9299–9320
76. Pardo I, G omez-Rodrı ´guez C, Abraı ´n R et al (2014) An invertebrate predictive model
(NORTI) for streams and rivers: sensitivity of the model in detecting stress gradients. Ecol
Indic 45:51–62
77. Linke S, Bailey RC, Schwindt J (1999) Temporal variability of stream bioassessments using
benthic macroinvertebrates. Freshw Biol 42:575–584
78. Pond G, Call S, Brumley J et al (2003) The Kentucky macroinvertebrate bioassessment index:
derivation of regional narrative criteria for headwater and wadeable streams. Kentucky
Department for Environmental Protection, Division of Water, Frankfort. http://water.ky.
gov/Documents/QA/MBI/Statewide_MBI.pdf
79. Hill MO (1979) TWINSPAN: a FORTRAN program for arranging multivariate data in an
ordered two-way table by classification of the individuals and attributes. Cornell University,
Ithaca
80. Davy-Bowker J, Clarke R, Corbin T (2008) River invertebrate classification tool—final
report. Scotland and Northern Ireland Forum for Environmental Research, Edinburgh
81. Oksanen J, Minchin PR (1997) Instability of ordination results under changes in input data
order: explanations and remedies. J Veg Sci 8:447–454
262
A.L. Garey and L.A. Smock
77:118–125
63. Hughes RM, Larsen DP, Omernik JM (1986) Regional reference sites: a method for assessing
stream potentials. Environ Manage 10:629–635
64. Aroviita J, Mykra H, Muotka T et al (2009) Influence of geographical extent on typology- and
model-based assessments of taxonomic completeness of river macroinvertebrates. Freshw
Biol 54:1774–1787
65. Hawkins CP, Norris RH, Gerritsen J et al (2000) Evaluation of the use of landscape
classifications for the prediction of freshwater biota: synthesis and recommendations.
J North Am Benthol Soc 19:541–556
66. Dallas HF (2004) Spatial variability in macroinvertebrate assemblages: comparing regional
and multivariate approaches for classifying reference sites in South Africa. Afr J Aquat Sci
29:161–171
67. Dail MR, Hill JR, Miller RD (2013) The Virginia coastal plain macroinvertebrate index.
Technical bulletin WQA/2013-002. Virginia Department of Environmental Quality,
Richmond
68. Burton J, Gerritsen J (2003) A stream condition index for Virginia non-coastal streams. TetraTech, Owings Mills
69. Hawkins CP, Vinson MR (2000) Weak correspondence between landscape classifications
and stream invertebrate assemblages: implications for bioassessment. J North Am Benthol
Soc 19:501–517
70. Wright J, Moss D, Armitage P et al (1984) A preliminary classification of running-water sites
in Great Britain based on macro-invertebrate species and the prediction of community type
using environmental data. Freshw Biol 14:221–256
71. Wright JF, Sutcliffe DW, Furse MT (2000) Assessing the biological quality of freshwaters.
RIVPACS and other techniques. Freshwater Biological Association, Ambleside
72. Hawkins CP, Norris RH, Hogue JN et al (2000) Development and evaluation of predictive
models for measuring the biological integrity of streams. Ecol Appl 10:1456–1477
73. Smith M, Kay W, Edward D et al (1999) AusRivAS: using macroinvertebrates to assess
ecological condition of rivers in Western Australia. Freshw Biol 41:269–282
74. Reynoldson TB, Bailey R, Day K et al (1995) Biological guidelines for freshwater sediment
based on BEnthic Assessment of SedimenT (the BEAST) using a multivariate approach for
predicting biological state. Aust J Ecol 20:198–219
75. Pond GJ, North SH (2013) Application of a benthic observed/expected-type model for
assessing Central Appalachian streams influenced by regional stressors in West Virginia
and Kentucky. Environ Monit Assess 185:9299–9320
76. Pardo I, G omez-Rodrı ´guez C, Abraı ´n R et al (2014) An invertebrate predictive model
(NORTI) for streams and rivers: sensitivity of the model in detecting stress gradients. Ecol
Indic 45:51–62
77. Linke S, Bailey RC, Schwindt J (1999) Temporal variability of stream bioassessments using
benthic macroinvertebrates. Freshw Biol 42:575–584
78. Pond G, Call S, Brumley J et al (2003) The Kentucky macroinvertebrate bioassessment index:
derivation of regional narrative criteria for headwater and wadeable streams. Kentucky
Department for Environmental Protection, Division of Water, Frankfort. http://water.ky.
gov/Documents/QA/MBI/Statewide_MBI.pdf
79. Hill MO (1979) TWINSPAN: a FORTRAN program for arranging multivariate data in an
ordered two-way table by classification of the individuals and attributes. Cornell University,
Ithaca
80. Davy-Bowker J, Clarke R, Corbin T (2008) River invertebrate classification tool—final
report. Scotland and Northern Ireland Forum for Environmental Research, Edinburgh
81. Oksanen J, Minchin PR (1997) Instability of ordination results under changes in input data
order: explanations and remedies. J Veg Sci 8:447–454
262
A.L. Garey and L.A. Smock