38. Clark JL, Clements WH (2006) The use of in situ and stream microcosm experiments to
assess population- and community-level responses to metals. Environ Toxicol Chem
25:2306–2312
39. Applegate JM, Baumann PC, Emery EB et al (2007) First steps in developing a multimetric
macroinvertebrate index for the Ohio River. River Res Appl 23:683–697
40. Plafkin JL, Barbour MT, Porter KD, et al (1989) Rapid bioassessment protocols for
use in streams and rivers: benthic macroinvertebrates and fish. EPA 444-4-89-001.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Washington, DC
41. Mykra ¨ H, Heino J, Muotka T (2007) Scale-related patterns in the spatial and environmental
components of stream macroinvertebrate assemblage variation. Global Ecol Biogeogr
16:149–159
42. Hoeinghaus DJ, Winemiller KO, Birnbaum JS (2007) Local and regional determinants of
stream fish assemblage structure: inferences based on taxonomic vs. functional groups.
J Biogeogr 34:324–338
43. Hawkins CP, Olson JR, Hill RA (2010) The reference condition: predicting benchmarks for
ecological and water-quality assessments. J North Am Benthol Soc 29:312–343
44. Ganasan V, Hughes RM (1998) Application of an index of biological integrity (IBI) to fish
assemblages of the rivers Khan and Kshipra (Madhya Pradesh), India. Freshw Biol 40:367–383
45. Davies SP, Jackson SK (2006) The biological condition gradient: a descriptive model for
interpreting change in aquatic ecosystems. Ecol Appl 16:1251–1266
46. Mazor RD, Reynoldson TB, Rosenberg DM et al (2006) Effects of biotic assemblage,
classification, and assessment method on bioassessment performance. Can J Fish Aquat Sci
63:394–411
47. Hawkes H (1998) Origin and development of the biological monitoring working party score
system. Water Res 32:964–968
48. Whittier TR, Stoddard JL, Larsen DP et al (2007) Selecting reference sites for stream
biological assessments: best professional judgment or objective criteria. J North Am Benthol
Soc 26:349–360
49. Blocksom KA (2003) A performance comparison of metric scoring methods for a multimetric
index for Mid-Atlantic Highlands streams. Environ Manage 31:670–682
50. Yates AG, Bailey RC (2010) Selecting objectively defined reference sites for stream
bioassessment programs. Environ Monit Assess 170:129–140
51. Blocksom KA, Flotemersch JE (2005) Comparison of macroinvertebrate sampling methods
for nonwadeable streams. Environ Monit Assess 102:243–262
52. McCune B, Grace JB (2002) Analysis of ecological communities. MjM Software Design,
Glendale Beach
53. Legendre P, Legendre LF (2012) Numerical ecology. Elsevier, Amsterdam
54. R Core Team (2014) R: a language and environment for statistical computing. http://www.rproject.org/
55. Bray JR, Curtis JT (1957) An ordination of the upland forest communities of southern
Wisconsin. Ecol Monogr 27:325–349
56. Dice LR (1945) Measures of the amount of ecologic association between species. Ecology
26:297–302
57. Sorenson T (1948) A method of establishing groups of equal amplitude in plant sociology
based on similarity of species content. Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab 5:4–7
58. Van Sickle J, Hughes RM (2000) Classification strengths of ecoregions, catchments, and
geographic clusters for aquatic vertebrates in Oregon. J North Am Benthol Soc 19:370–384
59. Clarke K, Green R (1988) Statistical design and analysis for a “biological effects” study. Mar
Ecol Prog Ser 46:213–226
60. Mielke PW Jr, Berry KJ, Johnson ES (1976) Multi-response permutation procedures for a
priori classifications. Commun Stat Theory Methods 5:1409–1424
61. Anderson MJ (2001) A new method for non-parametric multivariate analysis of variance.
Austral Ecol 26:32–46
Principles for the Development of Contemporary Bioassessment Indices for. . .
261
assess population- and community-level responses to metals. Environ Toxicol Chem
25:2306–2312
39. Applegate JM, Baumann PC, Emery EB et al (2007) First steps in developing a multimetric
macroinvertebrate index for the Ohio River. River Res Appl 23:683–697
40. Plafkin JL, Barbour MT, Porter KD, et al (1989) Rapid bioassessment protocols for
use in streams and rivers: benthic macroinvertebrates and fish. EPA 444-4-89-001.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Washington, DC
41. Mykra ¨ H, Heino J, Muotka T (2007) Scale-related patterns in the spatial and environmental
components of stream macroinvertebrate assemblage variation. Global Ecol Biogeogr
16:149–159
42. Hoeinghaus DJ, Winemiller KO, Birnbaum JS (2007) Local and regional determinants of
stream fish assemblage structure: inferences based on taxonomic vs. functional groups.
J Biogeogr 34:324–338
43. Hawkins CP, Olson JR, Hill RA (2010) The reference condition: predicting benchmarks for
ecological and water-quality assessments. J North Am Benthol Soc 29:312–343
44. Ganasan V, Hughes RM (1998) Application of an index of biological integrity (IBI) to fish
assemblages of the rivers Khan and Kshipra (Madhya Pradesh), India. Freshw Biol 40:367–383
45. Davies SP, Jackson SK (2006) The biological condition gradient: a descriptive model for
interpreting change in aquatic ecosystems. Ecol Appl 16:1251–1266
46. Mazor RD, Reynoldson TB, Rosenberg DM et al (2006) Effects of biotic assemblage,
classification, and assessment method on bioassessment performance. Can J Fish Aquat Sci
63:394–411
47. Hawkes H (1998) Origin and development of the biological monitoring working party score
system. Water Res 32:964–968
48. Whittier TR, Stoddard JL, Larsen DP et al (2007) Selecting reference sites for stream
biological assessments: best professional judgment or objective criteria. J North Am Benthol
Soc 26:349–360
49. Blocksom KA (2003) A performance comparison of metric scoring methods for a multimetric
index for Mid-Atlantic Highlands streams. Environ Manage 31:670–682
50. Yates AG, Bailey RC (2010) Selecting objectively defined reference sites for stream
bioassessment programs. Environ Monit Assess 170:129–140
51. Blocksom KA, Flotemersch JE (2005) Comparison of macroinvertebrate sampling methods
for nonwadeable streams. Environ Monit Assess 102:243–262
52. McCune B, Grace JB (2002) Analysis of ecological communities. MjM Software Design,
Glendale Beach
53. Legendre P, Legendre LF (2012) Numerical ecology. Elsevier, Amsterdam
54. R Core Team (2014) R: a language and environment for statistical computing. http://www.rproject.org/
55. Bray JR, Curtis JT (1957) An ordination of the upland forest communities of southern
Wisconsin. Ecol Monogr 27:325–349
56. Dice LR (1945) Measures of the amount of ecologic association between species. Ecology
26:297–302
57. Sorenson T (1948) A method of establishing groups of equal amplitude in plant sociology
based on similarity of species content. Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab 5:4–7
58. Van Sickle J, Hughes RM (2000) Classification strengths of ecoregions, catchments, and
geographic clusters for aquatic vertebrates in Oregon. J North Am Benthol Soc 19:370–384
59. Clarke K, Green R (1988) Statistical design and analysis for a “biological effects” study. Mar
Ecol Prog Ser 46:213–226
60. Mielke PW Jr, Berry KJ, Johnson ES (1976) Multi-response permutation procedures for a
priori classifications. Commun Stat Theory Methods 5:1409–1424
61. Anderson MJ (2001) A new method for non-parametric multivariate analysis of variance.
Austral Ecol 26:32–46
Principles for the Development of Contemporary Bioassessment Indices for. . .
261