Reuse of Industrial Wastewater Effluent in the Petrochemical Industry
333
uncontrolled emissions into the neighboring river and marine environment; (2)
maximal recycling of treated effluent and oil, for minimizing disposal of
pollutants outside the industrial zone (Galil and Rebhun 1992).
2 Basic Concepts
The implementation of environmental quality regulations, regarding the disposal
of effluent to the environment, usually to waterbodies, imposes careful
consideration. At this stage, by lowering the level of pollutants to the values
required by the regulations, the treated effluent and some of the constituents
separated from the wastewater could be considered for recycling by the
petrochemical complex. This would minimize the disposal outside the industrial
zone.
In the case of the Haifa petrochemical complex, the research and development
project included the following tasks: (1) characterization of the main raw
wastewater streams, as well as lateral streams generated by specific production
processes; (2) feasibility studies of general treatment of all the wastewater streams
versus separate treatment of concentrated streams; the investigated process was
based on chemical emulsion-breaking, flocculation and dissolved air flotation
(DAF); (3) a comparative study of three alternative biological treatment processes
for the removal of dissolved organic matter; (4) a survey of the processes
occurring in the recirculated water-cooling system of the complex, including
studies on the use of treated effluent as makeup; (5) characterization of two
different types of sludge produced by the wastewater treatment, and development
of sludge-treatment methods.
Following the conclusions of the research and development project, the
wastewater facilities of the Haifa petrochemical complex include: separate storage
and treatment of the concentrated phenolic (spent soda) streams; storage and flow
regulation (equalization) of the main raw wastewater stream; gravitational oilwater separator (OWS); chemical flocculation and dissolved air flotation (DAF);
biological treatment for carbonaceous substrate removal; chemical precipitation
for softening and clarification; effluent reuse as makeup in the water-cooling
system, with additional biological treatment for nitrifications; blowdown treatment
by chemical precipitation-sedimentation before the final disposal to the river;
sludge collection, treatment, and disposal. A general description of the wastewater
treatment-reuse system is described in Fig. 1.
333
uncontrolled emissions into the neighboring river and marine environment; (2)
maximal recycling of treated effluent and oil, for minimizing disposal of
pollutants outside the industrial zone (Galil and Rebhun 1992).
2 Basic Concepts
The implementation of environmental quality regulations, regarding the disposal
of effluent to the environment, usually to waterbodies, imposes careful
consideration. At this stage, by lowering the level of pollutants to the values
required by the regulations, the treated effluent and some of the constituents
separated from the wastewater could be considered for recycling by the
petrochemical complex. This would minimize the disposal outside the industrial
zone.
In the case of the Haifa petrochemical complex, the research and development
project included the following tasks: (1) characterization of the main raw
wastewater streams, as well as lateral streams generated by specific production
processes; (2) feasibility studies of general treatment of all the wastewater streams
versus separate treatment of concentrated streams; the investigated process was
based on chemical emulsion-breaking, flocculation and dissolved air flotation
(DAF); (3) a comparative study of three alternative biological treatment processes
for the removal of dissolved organic matter; (4) a survey of the processes
occurring in the recirculated water-cooling system of the complex, including
studies on the use of treated effluent as makeup; (5) characterization of two
different types of sludge produced by the wastewater treatment, and development
of sludge-treatment methods.
Following the conclusions of the research and development project, the
wastewater facilities of the Haifa petrochemical complex include: separate storage
and treatment of the concentrated phenolic (spent soda) streams; storage and flow
regulation (equalization) of the main raw wastewater stream; gravitational oilwater separator (OWS); chemical flocculation and dissolved air flotation (DAF);
biological treatment for carbonaceous substrate removal; chemical precipitation
for softening and clarification; effluent reuse as makeup in the water-cooling
system, with additional biological treatment for nitrifications; blowdown treatment
by chemical precipitation-sedimentation before the final disposal to the river;
sludge collection, treatment, and disposal. A general description of the wastewater
treatment-reuse system is described in Fig. 1.