332
N.I. Galil and Y. Levinsky
Wijesinghe et al. (1996) reported a study based on the use of secondary
effluent as cooling water makeup for inland industry in Australia. Brown and
Mountain (1998) reported findings regarding general feasibility of wastewater
reuse as cooling tower makeup at power plants in Maryland, USA. Buhrmann et
al. (1999) used a spiral reverse osmosis plant to treat mine water and spent cooling
water, producing a new source of water for a power station.
Angelakis et al. (1999) presented the status of wastewater reclamation and
reuse around the Mediterranean Basin and discussed existing guidelines and
regulations, also presenting the possibility of developing uniform wastewater
reuse standards. The potential for the recovery and reuse of cooling water in
Taiwan has been reported by Shu-Hai et al. (1999). A brief overview of the reuse
of treated industrial wastewater in cooling water systems is provided by Phulwar
and Amesur (1999), including a case study of the reuse of treated effluent as
cooling water at a refinery process plant in India. Large wastewater reuse projects
in the UK, based on long-term international operation experience on reuse projects
for the petrochemical, power, and paper industries, are discussed by Durham
(2000). Yang et al. (2000) introduced a mathematical approach to design an
optimal network when multiple pollutants are contained and the treated effluent
can be reused to a maximum extent in the same plant.
Petrochemical wastewater is characterized by a diversity of pollutants
including free and emulsified hydrocarbons, phenol, cresols, xylenols, sulfides,
ammonia, and cyanides. The production processes usually include distillation,
catalytic cracking, visebreaking, oil and waxes, ethylene, sulfur recovery, and
other processes. Due to national or regional water shortage, which results in low
freshwater consumption, as well as the variety of production processes,
petrochemical wastewaters in arid or semiarid regions are characterized by high
concentrations of pollutants. They include several periodical streams from
gasoline, kerosene, and other products from washeries, containing up to 12%
phenols, most of them cresols and xylenols.
A research and development project was carried out at a petrochemical
complex located at a distance of 2 miles from the Mediterranean coast in the Gulf
of Haifa, Israel. The program included characterization of the wastewater main
stream, as well as lateral streams generated by specific production processes (Galil
et al. 1988). Laboratory and pilot-plant studies on flocculation-dissolved air
flotation (Galil and Wolf 2000) enabled the design and operation of a full-scale
treatment plant. A comparative study of three alternative biological processes:
activated sludge, rotating biological contactor, and aerated ponds, provided the
data for a biological treatment process based on two aerated lagoons in series,
accomplished by a lime softening-clarification chemical plant (Galil and Rebhun
1990, 1991). A survey of the biological process occurring in the recirculated
cooling system of the industrial complex enabled the operation of this system as
the recipient of the treated effluent, as well as a polishing nitrification bioreactor
(Rebhun and Engel 1988).
Following the research results and conclusions, the developed solution was
based on: (1) multiple-stage treatment, achieved by combining physicochemical
and biological processes, creating several technological barriers in order to avoid
N.I. Galil and Y. Levinsky
Wijesinghe et al. (1996) reported a study based on the use of secondary
effluent as cooling water makeup for inland industry in Australia. Brown and
Mountain (1998) reported findings regarding general feasibility of wastewater
reuse as cooling tower makeup at power plants in Maryland, USA. Buhrmann et
al. (1999) used a spiral reverse osmosis plant to treat mine water and spent cooling
water, producing a new source of water for a power station.
Angelakis et al. (1999) presented the status of wastewater reclamation and
reuse around the Mediterranean Basin and discussed existing guidelines and
regulations, also presenting the possibility of developing uniform wastewater
reuse standards. The potential for the recovery and reuse of cooling water in
Taiwan has been reported by Shu-Hai et al. (1999). A brief overview of the reuse
of treated industrial wastewater in cooling water systems is provided by Phulwar
and Amesur (1999), including a case study of the reuse of treated effluent as
cooling water at a refinery process plant in India. Large wastewater reuse projects
in the UK, based on long-term international operation experience on reuse projects
for the petrochemical, power, and paper industries, are discussed by Durham
(2000). Yang et al. (2000) introduced a mathematical approach to design an
optimal network when multiple pollutants are contained and the treated effluent
can be reused to a maximum extent in the same plant.
Petrochemical wastewater is characterized by a diversity of pollutants
including free and emulsified hydrocarbons, phenol, cresols, xylenols, sulfides,
ammonia, and cyanides. The production processes usually include distillation,
catalytic cracking, visebreaking, oil and waxes, ethylene, sulfur recovery, and
other processes. Due to national or regional water shortage, which results in low
freshwater consumption, as well as the variety of production processes,
petrochemical wastewaters in arid or semiarid regions are characterized by high
concentrations of pollutants. They include several periodical streams from
gasoline, kerosene, and other products from washeries, containing up to 12%
phenols, most of them cresols and xylenols.
A research and development project was carried out at a petrochemical
complex located at a distance of 2 miles from the Mediterranean coast in the Gulf
of Haifa, Israel. The program included characterization of the wastewater main
stream, as well as lateral streams generated by specific production processes (Galil
et al. 1988). Laboratory and pilot-plant studies on flocculation-dissolved air
flotation (Galil and Wolf 2000) enabled the design and operation of a full-scale
treatment plant. A comparative study of three alternative biological processes:
activated sludge, rotating biological contactor, and aerated ponds, provided the
data for a biological treatment process based on two aerated lagoons in series,
accomplished by a lime softening-clarification chemical plant (Galil and Rebhun
1990, 1991). A survey of the biological process occurring in the recirculated
cooling system of the industrial complex enabled the operation of this system as
the recipient of the treated effluent, as well as a polishing nitrification bioreactor
(Rebhun and Engel 1988).
Following the research results and conclusions, the developed solution was
based on: (1) multiple-stage treatment, achieved by combining physicochemical
and biological processes, creating several technological barriers in order to avoid