Sound transmission loss, freshwater
pond, 51
fish habitat, 52
frequency and depth, 53ff
geometrical spreading, 35
surface water temperature, 34
Sound velocity, factors influencing, 19ff
temperature, 34
Sound waves, constraints in sound
production, 97–99
Sound window, attenuation of signals,
234
Sound ambient noise underwater, 31
Cervus elaphus, 65
cylindrical spreading, 27–28
deep sound channel, 32–33
definition, 16
diffraction, 31
geometric spreading, 25–26
impedance, 17–18
primate, 120ff
production, 73ff
reflection, 28–29
refraction, 29–30
SOFAR channel, 32–33
spherical spreading, 26–27
transmission loss, 25ff
underwater, 15ff
velocity profile, 20–21
Source level, underwater sound, 25
Source levels, fish vocalizations, 46
Southern right whale, acoustic
communication, 36
Sparkling violet-ear hummingbird, see
Colibri coruscans
Speciation, long-distance acoustic
signals, 225ff, 242ff
Species discrimination, signals, 243
Species isolation, signaling, 243
Species recognition, neuroethology,
244–245
Species-typical, signals, 242–243
Specific heat, sound velocity, 19
Spectral combination sensitivity, bat,
336–338
Spectral patterns, signal partitioning,
238–239
Spectral signal structure,
environmental constraints, 233–234
Index
401
Speech, development in humans, 344
development of perception and
sound production, 344
formants, 80
Speed, underwater sound, 18
Sperm whale, see Physeter
macrocephalus
Spherical spreading
shallow water, 35
signaling range, 232–233
underwater sound, 26–27
Spherical waves, sound, 17–18
Spizella pusilla (field sparrow),
aggressive vocalizations and
hormones, 300
Spotted hyena, see Crocuta crocuta
Steroid hormones, 278–280
genomic effects, 279–280
non-genomic effects, 279–280
Stream segregation, auditory, 355
Streptopelia risoria (ring dove)
communication, 6
hormonal effects on vocalization,
284–286
Stripe-backed wren, see
Campylorhynchus muchalis
Substrate transmission, shallow water
sound transmission, 33
Swamp sparrow, song complexity,
259–260
Swim bladder
neuromuscular mechanisms, 55
role in vocal harmonics, 56–57
sonic, 21
Syke’s monkey, see Cercopithecus
albogularis, primate
Syrinx, bird, 75, 76, 79, 96–97, 102–122
Falconiformes, 102
function in sound production, 96–97
hormonal effects, 286
impedance matching, 99–100
sound production, 75, 76
two-voices, 85–86
Taeniopygia guttata (zebra finch)
calls 173–174
CNS control of vocalization, 288
song complexity, 259
vocal learning, 149
pond, 51
fish habitat, 52
frequency and depth, 53ff
geometrical spreading, 35
surface water temperature, 34
Sound velocity, factors influencing, 19ff
temperature, 34
Sound waves, constraints in sound
production, 97–99
Sound window, attenuation of signals,
234
Sound ambient noise underwater, 31
Cervus elaphus, 65
cylindrical spreading, 27–28
deep sound channel, 32–33
definition, 16
diffraction, 31
geometric spreading, 25–26
impedance, 17–18
primate, 120ff
production, 73ff
reflection, 28–29
refraction, 29–30
SOFAR channel, 32–33
spherical spreading, 26–27
transmission loss, 25ff
underwater, 15ff
velocity profile, 20–21
Source level, underwater sound, 25
Source levels, fish vocalizations, 46
Southern right whale, acoustic
communication, 36
Sparkling violet-ear hummingbird, see
Colibri coruscans
Speciation, long-distance acoustic
signals, 225ff, 242ff
Species discrimination, signals, 243
Species isolation, signaling, 243
Species recognition, neuroethology,
244–245
Species-typical, signals, 242–243
Specific heat, sound velocity, 19
Spectral combination sensitivity, bat,
336–338
Spectral patterns, signal partitioning,
238–239
Spectral signal structure,
environmental constraints, 233–234
Index
401
Speech, development in humans, 344
development of perception and
sound production, 344
formants, 80
Speed, underwater sound, 18
Sperm whale, see Physeter
macrocephalus
Spherical spreading
shallow water, 35
signaling range, 232–233
underwater sound, 26–27
Spherical waves, sound, 17–18
Spizella pusilla (field sparrow),
aggressive vocalizations and
hormones, 300
Spotted hyena, see Crocuta crocuta
Steroid hormones, 278–280
genomic effects, 279–280
non-genomic effects, 279–280
Stream segregation, auditory, 355
Streptopelia risoria (ring dove)
communication, 6
hormonal effects on vocalization,
284–286
Stripe-backed wren, see
Campylorhynchus muchalis
Substrate transmission, shallow water
sound transmission, 33
Swamp sparrow, song complexity,
259–260
Swim bladder
neuromuscular mechanisms, 55
role in vocal harmonics, 56–57
sonic, 21
Syke’s monkey, see Cercopithecus
albogularis, primate
Syrinx, bird, 75, 76, 79, 96–97, 102–122
Falconiformes, 102
function in sound production, 96–97
hormonal effects, 286
impedance matching, 99–100
sound production, 75, 76
two-voices, 85–86
Taeniopygia guttata (zebra finch)
calls 173–174
CNS control of vocalization, 288
song complexity, 259
vocal learning, 149