Smilisca sila (a frog), eavesdropping by
bats, 240–241
Snell’s law, underwater sound
transmission, 29
Social behaviors, Tursiops truncatus
vocalizations, 159ff
Social calls, Orcinus orca, 177–178
Social interaction
call learning in birds, 205
call learning in mammals, 207
and song learning, 202ff
Social isolation, vocal learning, 142
Social modification
animal vocalizations, 198ff
bat screech calls, 175–176
Cebuella pygmaea calls, 180ff
in sounds of various taxa, 199ff
Megapera novaengliae song, 191ff
Parus ssp. calls, 169ff
vocal learning, 139–140
Social sounds, vocal learning, 138ff
SOFAR channel, underwater sound,
32–33
Song complexity, birds, 257ff
Song discrimination, bird HVc, 348
Song learning, bird, 358ff
models in birds, 201ff
Song matching, in birds, 202, 204
Song nuclei, bird brain, 286ff
Song preference, birds, 256ff
Song sparrow, see Melospiza melodia
Song variation, Melospiza melodia,
357
Song
baleen whales, 37ff
development in birds, 349–350
functions in birds, 184
Megapera novaengliae, 190ff
Songbird, see bird
Song-control nuclei, bird, 286ff
Sonic muscles, fish, 298
Sonograms, baleen whale song and
calls, 38ff, 42ff
Sound communication
fish, 44ff
fish in shallow water, 46ff
Sound detection, neuroethology, 324ff
Sound field
dipole model, 23
400
Index
monopole model, 23
Sound intensity
defined, 17
underwater, 18
Sound power, defined, 17
Sound pressure, defined, 17
Sound production mechanisms,
hormonal effects, 301ff
Sound production, 8–9
air recycling, 94
altering with helium, 83
bat, 89
bird development, 301–302
Canis familiaris, 83
clarinet, 82
constraints by sound waves, 97–99
effects of hormones, 283ff
filter, 82ff
fish, 297–298
formants, 83, 85
glottis, 77
Helmholtz resonator, 95
human, 75, 78–79
impedance matching, 94
larynx, 74ff, 96–97
linkage to perception, 343–344
mechanisms, 72ff
morphological diversity in
vertebrates, 85ff
myelastic-aerodynamic theory, 75ff
Odobenus rosmarus, 93
Pan, 74
Physaleamus, 88
pinniped, 104
primate, 83–84, 95
relationship to body size, 97–99
role of the lungs, 73ff
similarities to wind instrument, 82
sound source, 82ff
syrinx, 75, 76, 96–97
trumpet, 82
vocal air sacs, 93–95
vocal tract, 79ff
See also Larynx, Syrinx, Vocal folds,
Vocal tract
Sound propagation
bottom structures, 34–45
water depth, 28–29
Sound source localization, frog, 352
bats, 240–241
Snell’s law, underwater sound
transmission, 29
Social behaviors, Tursiops truncatus
vocalizations, 159ff
Social calls, Orcinus orca, 177–178
Social interaction
call learning in birds, 205
call learning in mammals, 207
and song learning, 202ff
Social isolation, vocal learning, 142
Social modification
animal vocalizations, 198ff
bat screech calls, 175–176
Cebuella pygmaea calls, 180ff
in sounds of various taxa, 199ff
Megapera novaengliae song, 191ff
Parus ssp. calls, 169ff
vocal learning, 139–140
Social sounds, vocal learning, 138ff
SOFAR channel, underwater sound,
32–33
Song complexity, birds, 257ff
Song discrimination, bird HVc, 348
Song learning, bird, 358ff
models in birds, 201ff
Song matching, in birds, 202, 204
Song nuclei, bird brain, 286ff
Song preference, birds, 256ff
Song sparrow, see Melospiza melodia
Song variation, Melospiza melodia,
357
Song
baleen whales, 37ff
development in birds, 349–350
functions in birds, 184
Megapera novaengliae, 190ff
Songbird, see bird
Song-control nuclei, bird, 286ff
Sonic muscles, fish, 298
Sonograms, baleen whale song and
calls, 38ff, 42ff
Sound communication
fish, 44ff
fish in shallow water, 46ff
Sound detection, neuroethology, 324ff
Sound field
dipole model, 23
400
Index
monopole model, 23
Sound intensity
defined, 17
underwater, 18
Sound power, defined, 17
Sound pressure, defined, 17
Sound production mechanisms,
hormonal effects, 301ff
Sound production, 8–9
air recycling, 94
altering with helium, 83
bat, 89
bird development, 301–302
Canis familiaris, 83
clarinet, 82
constraints by sound waves, 97–99
effects of hormones, 283ff
filter, 82ff
fish, 297–298
formants, 83, 85
glottis, 77
Helmholtz resonator, 95
human, 75, 78–79
impedance matching, 94
larynx, 74ff, 96–97
linkage to perception, 343–344
mechanisms, 72ff
morphological diversity in
vertebrates, 85ff
myelastic-aerodynamic theory, 75ff
Odobenus rosmarus, 93
Pan, 74
Physaleamus, 88
pinniped, 104
primate, 83–84, 95
relationship to body size, 97–99
role of the lungs, 73ff
similarities to wind instrument, 82
sound source, 82ff
syrinx, 75, 76, 96–97
trumpet, 82
vocal air sacs, 93–95
vocal tract, 79ff
See also Larynx, Syrinx, Vocal folds,
Vocal tract
Sound propagation
bottom structures, 34–45
water depth, 28–29
Sound source localization, frog, 352