Clicks/click trains (20-380 clicks/s)
Creaks «280-380 clicks/s, often
<2.5 kHz)
Moans (>380 clicks/s)
Genital buzz (8-2,000 clicks/s,
<2.5 kHz)
Razor buzz (2-6 kHz, 200 clicks/s)
T. truncatus
I. geoffrensis
T. truncatus
T. truncatus
s. frontalis
T. truncatus
Wild
Captive
Wild
Wild
Wild
Wild
Scanning
NIA
Various
Arousal
Courtship, discipline,
chase
Foraging
dos Santos et
al. 1990
Caldwell, Caldwell, and Evans 1966
dos Santos et al. 1990
dos Santos et
al. 1990
Herzing 1996
Herzing 1996
Nonvocal
*NIA =
no information available.
Note: limited bandwidth recording equipment may have restricted frequency ranges of many vocalizations.
~
>
8
c::
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~.
'"
::s
Q..
1;1)
o
(")
[
t:l:l
(1)
:r
'" <:
o·
..,
Caldwell et al. 1962
Marten et al. 1988
Marten et
al. 1988
Marten et al. 1988
Marten et
al. 1988
Herzing 1996
Pryor and Kang-Shallenberger
1991
Wood 1953, Overstrom 1983
Herzing 1996
Caldwell, Caldwell, and Evans 1966
Alarm
Fight
Movement
Movement
Aggression
Annoyance
Frustration
Dominance
Aggression, foraging
Feeding
Captive
Wild
Captive
Captive
Wild
Wild
Wild
Captive
Wild
Captive
s. frontalis
S. frontalis
s. attenuata
S. frontalislT. truncatus
S. frontalislT. truncatus
I. geoffrensis
T. truncatus
S. frontalis
0. orca
0. orca
Jaw claps (Broadband, most
energy <2 kHz, <.5 s)
(Generally noise or cracks of sound not modulated by vocal mechanisms. Loud, longer than individual clicks, and emphasis on low-frequency
components.)
Tail slaps/cracks «2kHz main
energy. <.5 s)
Body cavitation (<104kHz, <.2s)
Surface hits/aerial jumps
«1 kHz, <.1 s)
«302kHz, <.2s)
Bubbles (NIA)
N
W
......