D 11-13; A 47-53; P 9; V 8-9; branchiostegal rays 10-11; total GR 12-13;
vertebrae 74-77. Vomer with 1-2 teeth on each side; 5-9 palatine teeth in
single row; 2 small hooked teeth on anterior portion of tongue. Photophores: ORB 1 (below front margin of eye), OP3, SO 1, BR 7-8, IV31-35,
V A V 15-17, AC 32- 34, IC 80-83, OA 60-63. Single photophore on lateral
surface of dentary; 1 pre-P nonserial primary photophore. No minute
photophores anterior to SO; interspace between last 2 AC about equal to
preceding interspace. D origin nearer C base than snout.
Head grey to black-brown; sides of body pale yellow with
darker dotted pigmentation; fins colourless except that C
has several transverse rows of melanophores, and D has
light pigmentation. Attains 25 cm. Postlarvae and juveniles
near surface at night; adults from 100 - 2 000 m in southern
Atlantic and southeastern Pacific oceans; off southwestern
Cape coast, approximately 36°-40 o S, gOE-lOoW.
~ .. " . -' .. " ..... !! (;fIJi W -.. >
;;J
' ~" '\\~~~~
74.9 Oiplophos rebainsi: 23.5 em (after Krefft & Parin, 1972).
74.10 Diplophos taenia
Gunther, 1873
Diplophos taenia Giinther, 1873: 104 (22°N, 30 0 W and 30 0 S, 24°W);
Smith, SFSA No. 154*; Grey, 1964: 89*; Grindley & Penrith, 1965: 282;
Johnson, 1970: 441; Johnson & Barnett, 1975: 284; Mukhacheva, 1978:
13.
D 9-12; A 57-69; P 8-10; V 7-9; branchiostegal rays 12-15; total GR
10-12; vertebrae 92-98. Palatines with single row of 6-9 small teeth, no
teeth on tongue. Photophores: ORB 1, OP 3, SO 1, BR 10-13, IV 40-51,
VAV 14-17, AC 42-51, IC 99-113, OA 66-77. Several photophores in
series on lateral surface of dentary, 2 pre-P nonserial primary photophores; 2 small photophores anterior to SO; interspace between last 2 AC
considerably less than preceding interspace. D origin nearer snout than C
base.
Dorsum black-brown, flanks silver; fins colourless; inside
of mouth and gill covers dusky, jaws transparent posteriorly. Attains more than 20 cm. Juveniles and adults in 300 -
gOO m by day and near surface at night in all 3 major oceans;
all around our coast.
Genus Gonostoma Rafinesque, 1810
Pseudobranchiae weakly developed when present.
Dorsal adipose fin present or absent. Maxillary with long
74.10 Oiplophos taenia: 8.5 em SL (after Fink & Weitzman, 1982).
74: GONOSTOMATIDAE (BRISTLEMOUTHS)
teeth separated by series of small teeth; palatines,
pterygoids toothed; tongue with or without teeth. Scales
deciduous when present. Body with lengthwise rows of
serial photophores. Photophores: absent on isthmus; SO
and OA present; OP 2-3; minute secondary photophores
sometimes present. Supracaudal and infracaudal glands
present. A origin opposite or slightly in advance of D. Anus
nearer to A than V; V insertion well in advance of D origin.
Seven species, 4 from our region.
KEY TO SPECIES
la Photophores minute, obscure; ORB, OP and SO
usually obsolete in adults; OA irregularly arranged,
some rather high on sides; a few posterior
pterygoid teeth much enlarged; A 21-24;
GR (15-17)+(9-11) = 24-28; IV 11-13 ..... .. .... ...... G. bathyphilum
Ib Photophores obvious, if not always conspicuous;
ORB and OP relatively well developed, a glandular
mass present below OP; OA mostly on a single level
low on sides, only the 1st 1 or 2 elevated; pterygoid teeth
all small or a few posterior ones slightly enlarged;
A 27-31; GR (10-12)+(5-9) = 15-21; IV 14-16 ......................... 2
2a Body and head with numerous minute
photophores (not always evident); each SO and ORB
surrounded by mass glandular tissue ; GR
(10-12)+(7-9) = 18-21; tail about equal to head and
trunk; interspace teeth in jaws not close-set ............ G. elongatum
2b No minute photophores on body and head; a small silvery
reflector behind ORB but SO and ORB without mass
glandular tissue; GR (10-11) + (5-7) = 15-18; tail shorter
than head and trunk, interspace teeth on maxilla
subequal and close-set ................................................ ... ..... 3
3a Adipose fin present, vomer edentate, 1st 2 AC
above and 2nd 2 AC below remaining AC; GR
usually 10+5 = 15 .... .......... ........ .............. ........ G. denudatum
3b Adipose fin absent, vomer with teeth, 1st 1-2 AC
slightly elevated, the rest level ; GR 11 +(5-6) =
16-17 .............................................................. G. atlanticum
74.11 Gonostoma atianticum
Norman, 1930
Gonostoma denudatum atlanticum Norman, 1930: 282 (8°12'N,
18°49'W to 0056'S, 14°08.5'W). Gonostoma atlanticum: Grey, 1960: 105;
1964: 166*; Mukhacheva, 1972:208.
D 16-18; A 27-31; P 9-11; V 6-8; branchiostegal rays 14,6 with very
short spines at bases; total GR 17-18, vertebrae 38-39. Pseudobranchiae
with 2-3 filaments . Minute teeth on tongue, confined to posterior part.
Photophores of moderate size: ORB, SO and OA lacking associated
glandular material. ORB I, OP 3, SO minute, BR 9, IV 15-16, VA V 4-5,
A V 18-20, IC 39-40, OA 13-14. First 2 AC elevated, remainder on level; 2
AC between last A ray and 1st procurrent C ray. First OA elevated,
remainder level, low on body. Two supracaudal, 1 infracaudal glands.
251
vertebrae 74-77. Vomer with 1-2 teeth on each side; 5-9 palatine teeth in
single row; 2 small hooked teeth on anterior portion of tongue. Photophores: ORB 1 (below front margin of eye), OP3, SO 1, BR 7-8, IV31-35,
V A V 15-17, AC 32- 34, IC 80-83, OA 60-63. Single photophore on lateral
surface of dentary; 1 pre-P nonserial primary photophore. No minute
photophores anterior to SO; interspace between last 2 AC about equal to
preceding interspace. D origin nearer C base than snout.
Head grey to black-brown; sides of body pale yellow with
darker dotted pigmentation; fins colourless except that C
has several transverse rows of melanophores, and D has
light pigmentation. Attains 25 cm. Postlarvae and juveniles
near surface at night; adults from 100 - 2 000 m in southern
Atlantic and southeastern Pacific oceans; off southwestern
Cape coast, approximately 36°-40 o S, gOE-lOoW.
~ .. " . -' .. " ..... !! (;fIJi W -.. >
;;J
' ~" '\\~~~~
74.9 Oiplophos rebainsi: 23.5 em (after Krefft & Parin, 1972).
74.10 Diplophos taenia
Gunther, 1873
Diplophos taenia Giinther, 1873: 104 (22°N, 30 0 W and 30 0 S, 24°W);
Smith, SFSA No. 154*; Grey, 1964: 89*; Grindley & Penrith, 1965: 282;
Johnson, 1970: 441; Johnson & Barnett, 1975: 284; Mukhacheva, 1978:
13.
D 9-12; A 57-69; P 8-10; V 7-9; branchiostegal rays 12-15; total GR
10-12; vertebrae 92-98. Palatines with single row of 6-9 small teeth, no
teeth on tongue. Photophores: ORB 1, OP 3, SO 1, BR 10-13, IV 40-51,
VAV 14-17, AC 42-51, IC 99-113, OA 66-77. Several photophores in
series on lateral surface of dentary, 2 pre-P nonserial primary photophores; 2 small photophores anterior to SO; interspace between last 2 AC
considerably less than preceding interspace. D origin nearer snout than C
base.
Dorsum black-brown, flanks silver; fins colourless; inside
of mouth and gill covers dusky, jaws transparent posteriorly. Attains more than 20 cm. Juveniles and adults in 300 -
gOO m by day and near surface at night in all 3 major oceans;
all around our coast.
Genus Gonostoma Rafinesque, 1810
Pseudobranchiae weakly developed when present.
Dorsal adipose fin present or absent. Maxillary with long
74.10 Oiplophos taenia: 8.5 em SL (after Fink & Weitzman, 1982).
74: GONOSTOMATIDAE (BRISTLEMOUTHS)
teeth separated by series of small teeth; palatines,
pterygoids toothed; tongue with or without teeth. Scales
deciduous when present. Body with lengthwise rows of
serial photophores. Photophores: absent on isthmus; SO
and OA present; OP 2-3; minute secondary photophores
sometimes present. Supracaudal and infracaudal glands
present. A origin opposite or slightly in advance of D. Anus
nearer to A than V; V insertion well in advance of D origin.
Seven species, 4 from our region.
KEY TO SPECIES
la Photophores minute, obscure; ORB, OP and SO
usually obsolete in adults; OA irregularly arranged,
some rather high on sides; a few posterior
pterygoid teeth much enlarged; A 21-24;
GR (15-17)+(9-11) = 24-28; IV 11-13 ..... .. .... ...... G. bathyphilum
Ib Photophores obvious, if not always conspicuous;
ORB and OP relatively well developed, a glandular
mass present below OP; OA mostly on a single level
low on sides, only the 1st 1 or 2 elevated; pterygoid teeth
all small or a few posterior ones slightly enlarged;
A 27-31; GR (10-12)+(5-9) = 15-21; IV 14-16 ......................... 2
2a Body and head with numerous minute
photophores (not always evident); each SO and ORB
surrounded by mass glandular tissue ; GR
(10-12)+(7-9) = 18-21; tail about equal to head and
trunk; interspace teeth in jaws not close-set ............ G. elongatum
2b No minute photophores on body and head; a small silvery
reflector behind ORB but SO and ORB without mass
glandular tissue; GR (10-11) + (5-7) = 15-18; tail shorter
than head and trunk, interspace teeth on maxilla
subequal and close-set ................................................ ... ..... 3
3a Adipose fin present, vomer edentate, 1st 2 AC
above and 2nd 2 AC below remaining AC; GR
usually 10+5 = 15 .... .......... ........ .............. ........ G. denudatum
3b Adipose fin absent, vomer with teeth, 1st 1-2 AC
slightly elevated, the rest level ; GR 11 +(5-6) =
16-17 .............................................................. G. atlanticum
74.11 Gonostoma atianticum
Norman, 1930
Gonostoma denudatum atlanticum Norman, 1930: 282 (8°12'N,
18°49'W to 0056'S, 14°08.5'W). Gonostoma atlanticum: Grey, 1960: 105;
1964: 166*; Mukhacheva, 1972:208.
D 16-18; A 27-31; P 9-11; V 6-8; branchiostegal rays 14,6 with very
short spines at bases; total GR 17-18, vertebrae 38-39. Pseudobranchiae
with 2-3 filaments . Minute teeth on tongue, confined to posterior part.
Photophores of moderate size: ORB, SO and OA lacking associated
glandular material. ORB I, OP 3, SO minute, BR 9, IV 15-16, VA V 4-5,
A V 18-20, IC 39-40, OA 13-14. First 2 AC elevated, remainder on level; 2
AC between last A ray and 1st procurrent C ray. First OA elevated,
remainder level, low on body. Two supracaudal, 1 infracaudal glands.
251